No meio do caminho tinha uma estrela: o antipetismo das mobilizações à ascensão de Jair Bolsonaro (2013-2018)
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Data
2021-03-09
Autores
Faria, Marcos Alexandre Gennari
Orientadores
Venturini, Fabio Cesar
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso de graduação
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Resumo
As eleições de 2018, com o resultado da eleição de Jair Bolsonaro, passaram a ser analisadas por diversos autores, retratando a complexidade do tema. O objetivo tem sido a compreensão dos motivos que levaram ao resultado que, em um primeiro momento, parecia inesperado do ponto de vista do padrão observado nas outras disputas eleitorais. Para a compreensão desse processo, o período de análise ficou estabelecido entre 2013 e 2018. O intuito desse recorte é a possibilidade de análise dos antecedentes e da estratégia utilizada por Bolsonaro em uma perspectiva histórica. Assim, essa pesquisa possui como objetivo analisar e demonstrar a participação do antipetismo nas eleições de 2018, tomando como elemento central o seu caráter histórico. Os resultados indicam que o antipetismo passou a ser utilizado como instrumento político, o qual foi analisado como categoria convergente no recorte a partir das manifestações de junho de 2013. Daquele momento em diante, observa-se a possibilidade da utilização de postulados antipetistas como um ponto focal de reivindicações e pautas por parte dos movimentos de oposição, levando em conta que o objetivo era a destruição do legado petista e a desestabilização do sistema político. O impeachment de 2016 foi o segundo marco de uso do antipetismo como instrumento político. Após a desestabilização do governo em 2013, a crise econômica em conjunto com pressão midiática e parlamentar resultou na deposição de Dilma Rousseff, abrindo espaço para novas possibilidades de utilização do antipetismo agora que o Partido dos Trabalhadores havia sido destituído do governo. Em 2018, essa hipótese se confirma com a eleição de Bolsonaro. A forma como o antipetismo atuou em 2018 teve como base a angariação da reação às pautas morais sintetizadas no movimento definido como “#EleNão”, a partir do momento que a campanha petista reivindica essas articulações como principal propaganda. Essa alteração do debate econômico, estratégia tradicional dos presidentes petistas eleitos antes de Fernando Haddad, abriu espaço para a mobilização da pauta moral dentro da lógica de notícias falsas e de editoriais da imprensa compromissada com a agenda neoliberal, aumentando a sua rejeição o suficiente para perder a eleição para Jair Bolsonaro.
In 2018’s elections for president, after the result with Jair Bolsonaro being elected, a great group of researchers decided to study the process – which shows the subject’s complexity. The objective in those studies has been to understand the reason for the results, which seen, by the time, unexpected, given the last elections’ pattern. To fully understand what happenned, this research is written given the period between 2013 and 2018. The main reason for this option is the possibility to observe the previous events and, therefore, the strategy used by Bolsonaro to win the elections in a historic point of view. Given that, the main goal of this research is to show the place of antipetism in that strategy, demonstrating the importance it had in Bolsonaro’s victory. The results indicate that antipetism as a political tool, analysed by the point of view of a convergent category had started, given the determined period, in the june’s 2013 protests. After that, antipetism had shown enough potential to be used as a form of focal point for many claims in the opositions’ movements, considering that the mainly objective was to destroy PT’s economic and social legacy and the full desestabilization of the political sistem. 2016’s impeachment was the second time that the antipetism were used as a political tool. After the economical crisis provoqued by 2013’s protests and its’ reactions by Dilma, the press and the parlament began to put pressure on the government, which results in Dilma’s deposition. This second event opened space for other possibilities with the antipetism now that PT was no longer in the government. In 2018, the third use of antipetism was essential for Bolsonaro. In that year, antipetism meant the focal point for conservative reaction’s against the progressist agenda represented by “#EleNão”, specially when it became the main propaganda of PT’s campaing for presidency instead of the usual economical and social debate used by Lula and Dilma before Haddad. When that happenned, the press linked with the neoliberal agenda began to question the morality of Fernando Haddad’s connection to Lula, by one side, and the fake news structure regarding the progressist agenda questioned the campaing’s morality as itself. It was enough for Haddad’s rejection grown faster than his capability to gain votes, resulting in Bolsonaro’s victory.
In 2018’s elections for president, after the result with Jair Bolsonaro being elected, a great group of researchers decided to study the process – which shows the subject’s complexity. The objective in those studies has been to understand the reason for the results, which seen, by the time, unexpected, given the last elections’ pattern. To fully understand what happenned, this research is written given the period between 2013 and 2018. The main reason for this option is the possibility to observe the previous events and, therefore, the strategy used by Bolsonaro to win the elections in a historic point of view. Given that, the main goal of this research is to show the place of antipetism in that strategy, demonstrating the importance it had in Bolsonaro’s victory. The results indicate that antipetism as a political tool, analysed by the point of view of a convergent category had started, given the determined period, in the june’s 2013 protests. After that, antipetism had shown enough potential to be used as a form of focal point for many claims in the opositions’ movements, considering that the mainly objective was to destroy PT’s economic and social legacy and the full desestabilization of the political sistem. 2016’s impeachment was the second time that the antipetism were used as a political tool. After the economical crisis provoqued by 2013’s protests and its’ reactions by Dilma, the press and the parlament began to put pressure on the government, which results in Dilma’s deposition. This second event opened space for other possibilities with the antipetism now that PT was no longer in the government. In 2018, the third use of antipetism was essential for Bolsonaro. In that year, antipetism meant the focal point for conservative reaction’s against the progressist agenda represented by “#EleNão”, specially when it became the main propaganda of PT’s campaing for presidency instead of the usual economical and social debate used by Lula and Dilma before Haddad. When that happenned, the press linked with the neoliberal agenda began to question the morality of Fernando Haddad’s connection to Lula, by one side, and the fake news structure regarding the progressist agenda questioned the campaing’s morality as itself. It was enough for Haddad’s rejection grown faster than his capability to gain votes, resulting in Bolsonaro’s victory.
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Citação
GENNARI, Marcos. No meio do caminho tinha uma estrela: o antipetismo das mobilizações à ascensão de Jair Bolsonaro (2013-2018). Monografia (Graduação em História) - Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Guarulhos, 2021.