Entre a Proteção e a Violação de Direitos: quando o período de acolhimento institucional extrapola o previsto em legislação
Data
2023-11-01
Autores
Vieira, Maisa Bozelli 
Orientadores
Eurico, Márcia Campos
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
A presente pesquisa surge a partir da atuação da pesquisadora em um Serviço de Acolhimento Institucional para Crianças e Adolescentes (Saica), e das inquietações suscitadas nesse período acerca do acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes por período superior a 18 meses - máximo estabelecido pela Lei nº 13.509/2017, que alterou a Lei nº 8.069/1990 do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) -, além da morosidade apresentada pela Vara da Infância e Juventude em relação às respostas e acompanhamentos dos casos de crianças e adolescentes. Portanto, a pesquisa buscou evidenciar quais são os motivos que colaboram para que o desacolhimento institucional ocorra em consonância com os princípios constantes no ECA tais como: excepcionalidade; provisoriedade; brevidade da medida protetiva; e o direito à convivência familiar e comunitária - enquanto eixo orientador da legislação - que prevê a manutenção da criança/adolescente no seio familiar, excepcionalmente, em família substituta. Além dos princípios do ECA, também foram consideradas as demais normativas que orientam o funcionamento e manutenção da medida protetiva de acolhimento institucional. Com o objetivo de construir respostas para os questionamentos que embasaram a elaboração do projeto de pesquisa, o percurso metodológico foi pautado na perspectiva do método materialista dialético, com a utilização de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa. No primeiro momento, o presente trabalho envolveu a pesquisa bibliográfica, a partir do breve resgate da formação sócio-histórica do Brasil, indicando os espaços que as infâncias ocuparam, e as instituições que funcionaram como forma de controle, realizando apontamentos quanto ao momento político, cultural e histórico da época. Na segunda parte, foi apresentada a pesquisa de campo, a qual antes de ser realizada seguindo o rigor metodológico e ético, teve o seu projeto de pesquisa submetido ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, por meio da Plataforma Brasil, sendo posteriormente aprovada, e a pesquisa iniciada. A pesquisa teve como cenário dois Saicas localizados em um município de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo, dividida em dois momentos: i) pesquisa documental, por meio da leitura de 12 prontuários de crianças e adolescentes, escolhidos com auxílio da Equipe Técnica de cada um dos Saicas, considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão da pesquisa; e ii) técnica de grupo focal, realizado com profissionais de ambos os Saicas, que de modo voluntário aceitaram fazer parte da pesquisa. O grupo, mediante autorização consentida no TCLE, foi guiado por um roteiro, gravado e posteriormente transcrito para análise. Após a coleta dos dados, estes foram analisados a partir da metodologia da análise de conteúdo. Conclui-se, portanto, que o desacolhimento tardio de crianças e adolescentes ocorre principalmente pela ausência de políticas públicas que ofereçam apoio e condições para os núcleos familiares viabilizarem o retorno da criança/adolescente de forma segura e protegida. Em relação às crianças e adolescentes institucionalizadas há mais de 18 meses, o resultado foi que estas majoritariamente são adolescentes, do gênero masculino e pertencentes à população negra, um recorte que representa o Brasil, regido pelo modo de produção capitalista e inscrito na história de exploração, violência e abuso dos corpos negros e pobres.
This research arises from the researcher's work in an Institutional Shelter for Children and Adolescents (Saica) and the concerns raised during this period regarding the placement of children and adolescents for a period exceeding 18 months - the maximum established by Law nº 13.509/2017, which amended Law nº 8.069/1990, the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA) -, in addition to the delays presented by the Youth and Childhood Court in responding to and monitoring cases involving children and adolescents. Therefore, the research sought to highlight the reasons that contribute to institutional deinstitutionalization in line with the principles outlined in the ECA, such as exceptionality, provisionality, the brevity of protective measures, and the right to family and community life - as a guiding principle of the legislation - which envisions the maintenance of the child/adolescent within the family, exceptionally, in a substitute family. In addition to the principles of the ECA, other regulations guiding the operation and maintenance of protective institutional placement were also considered. In order to provide answers to the questions that underpinned the research project's development, the methodological approach was based on the perspective of dialectical materialist methodology, using qualitative research. In the initial stage, this work involved bibliographic research, starting with a brief overview of the socio-historical development of Brazil, indicating the spaces occupied by childhood and the institutions that served as forms of control, making notes on the political, cultural, and historical context of the time. In the second part, the field research was introduced, which, before being conducted in accordance with methodological and ethical rigor, had its research project submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo through the Brazil Platform. Subsequently, it was approved, and the research was initiated. The research took place in two Saicas located in a large municipality in the State of São Paulo, divided into two stages: i) documentary research, involving the review of 12 records of children and adolescents, chosen with the assistance of the Technical Team of each Saica, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research; and ii) the focus group technique, conducted with professionals from both Saicas, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research. The group, with consent granted in the informed consent form, was guided by a script, recorded, and later transcribed for analysis. After data collection, the data were analyzed using content analysis methodology. In conclusion, late deinstitutionalization of children and adolescents mainly occurs due to the absence of public policies that provide support and conditions for family units to safely and protectively facilitate the return of the child/adolescent. Regarding children and adolescents institutionalized for more than 18 months, the result was that they are predominantly male adolescents belonging to the Black population, a segment that represents Brazil, governed by the capitalist mode of production and inscribed in a history of exploitation, violence, and abuse of black and poor bodies.
This research arises from the researcher's work in an Institutional Shelter for Children and Adolescents (Saica) and the concerns raised during this period regarding the placement of children and adolescents for a period exceeding 18 months - the maximum established by Law nº 13.509/2017, which amended Law nº 8.069/1990, the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA) -, in addition to the delays presented by the Youth and Childhood Court in responding to and monitoring cases involving children and adolescents. Therefore, the research sought to highlight the reasons that contribute to institutional deinstitutionalization in line with the principles outlined in the ECA, such as exceptionality, provisionality, the brevity of protective measures, and the right to family and community life - as a guiding principle of the legislation - which envisions the maintenance of the child/adolescent within the family, exceptionally, in a substitute family. In addition to the principles of the ECA, other regulations guiding the operation and maintenance of protective institutional placement were also considered. In order to provide answers to the questions that underpinned the research project's development, the methodological approach was based on the perspective of dialectical materialist methodology, using qualitative research. In the initial stage, this work involved bibliographic research, starting with a brief overview of the socio-historical development of Brazil, indicating the spaces occupied by childhood and the institutions that served as forms of control, making notes on the political, cultural, and historical context of the time. In the second part, the field research was introduced, which, before being conducted in accordance with methodological and ethical rigor, had its research project submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo through the Brazil Platform. Subsequently, it was approved, and the research was initiated. The research took place in two Saicas located in a large municipality in the State of São Paulo, divided into two stages: i) documentary research, involving the review of 12 records of children and adolescents, chosen with the assistance of the Technical Team of each Saica, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research; and ii) the focus group technique, conducted with professionals from both Saicas, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research. The group, with consent granted in the informed consent form, was guided by a script, recorded, and later transcribed for analysis. After data collection, the data were analyzed using content analysis methodology. In conclusion, late deinstitutionalization of children and adolescents mainly occurs due to the absence of public policies that provide support and conditions for family units to safely and protectively facilitate the return of the child/adolescent. Regarding children and adolescents institutionalized for more than 18 months, the result was that they are predominantly male adolescents belonging to the Black population, a segment that represents Brazil, governed by the capitalist mode of production and inscribed in a history of exploitation, violence, and abuse of black and poor bodies.
Descrição
Citação
VIEIRA, Maisa Bozelli. Entre a Proteção e a Violação de Direitos: quando o período de acolhimento institucional extrapola o previsto em legislação. 2023. 135 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Serviço Social e Políticas Sociais) - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Santos, 2023.