Drogas facilitadoras de crime: uma revisão bibliográfica.
Data
2023-12-04
Autores
Marcolino, Daniella Salles 
Orientadores
Garcia, Raphael Caio Tamborelli
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Desde os tempos remotos, foi descrito o uso de substâncias psicoativas para benefício sexual ou obtenção de algum bem sem resistência ou consentimento da vítima. Essas substâncias são classificadas como drogas facilitadoras de crime e a grande maioria das vítimas atingidas são mulheres, enquanto os criminosos são homens. A Organização Mundial de Saúde considera a violência contra a mulher como um sério problema de saúde pública. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as drogas facilitadoras de crime, a fim de descrever quais são as principais substâncias utilizadas e seus mecanismos de ação, quais são as dificuldades em identificá-las, o perfil dos criminosos e como a toxicologia analítica pode ser útil nesses casos. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica na plataforma Pubmed utilizando as palavras-chave “Drug Facilitated Crime”, “Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault” e “Drug Facilitated Rape”. Foram coletados 194 artigos, dos quais apenas 41 foram utilizados, uma vez que atingiram os critérios de inclusão: publicações (revisões bibliográficas, estudos de caso ou surveys) a partir de 2001, uma ou mais substâncias químicas descritas nos estudos. Foram excluídos da pesquisa estudos in vivo e in vitro. Pôde-se observar que as drogas mais comumente utilizadas como facilitadoras de crime incluem medicamentos analgésicos, antidepressivos, anti-histamínicos e alguns antipsicóticos, sendo as mais encontradas os benzodiazepínicos e a cetamina, além de drogas como o etanol (o mais utilizado) e o ácido gama-hidroxibutírico. Dessa forma, o foco do trabalho foi nessas substâncias com maior prevalência. Também foi possível observar características relacionadas ao perfil do criminoso, bem como a diferença de perfil quando há a violência facilitada pelas drogas e quando não há o uso de substância. Além disso, a análise toxicológica para determinação dessas substâncias nas vítimas pode ser feita com a utilização de matrizes biológicas como urina (mais comum), sangue, fluidos orais e cabelo. Tais análises são dificultadas pela natureza do crime, gerando um dano psicológico imensurável nas vítimas, impossibilitando ou atrasando as denúncias e, assim, a detecção / quantificação das drogas. Por meio dessa investigação, pôde-se notar que há diversas dificuldades relacionadas à denúncia do abuso e até mesmo a sua comprovação. Foi possível observar a indispensável importância das análises toxicológicas para detecção e quantificação dessas substâncias para a comprovação
do crime, além da importância da implementação de protocolos de assistência às vítimas e de maneiras para se evitar o golpe.
Since ancient times, the use of psychoactive substances for sexual benefit or obtaining some good without resistance or consent of the victim has been described, these substances are classified as Drug Facilitated Crime. The majority of victims are women, while criminals are men, violence against women is considered a serious public health problem by the World Health Organization. In this way, the objective of this work was to perform a bibliographical review of Drug Facilitated Crime, in order to describe which are the main drugs and their mechanism of action, the profile of criminals, what are the difficulties in identifying them and how analytical toxicology can be useful in these cases. For this, extensive bibliographical research was executed, and the information was collected mostly through a search on the Pubmed platform through the keywords ““Drug Facilitated Crime”, “Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault” and “Drug Facilitated Rape”. In total, 194 articles were collected, of which only 41 were used, as they met the inclusion criteria – publications (bibliographic reviews, case studies or surveys), published on or after 2001, with one or more chemical substances described in the studies. In vivo and in vitro studies were excluded from the research. It was observed that the drugs most commonly used as facilitators of crime include analgesics, antidepressants, antihistamines and some antipsychotics, the most commonly found being benzodiazepines and ketamine, besides ethanol (the most used) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, therefore, the focus was on these substances with more prevalence. It was also possible to observe characteristics related to the criminal profile as well as the difference in profile when there is violence facilitated by drugs and when there is no substance use. Furthermore, toxicological analysis to determine these substances in victims can be done using biological matrices such as urine (most common), blood, oral fluids, and hair. These analyses are difficult due to the nature of the crime, causing an immeasurable psychological damage to the victims, making reports impossible or delaying it, and consequently making harder the detection/quantification of the drugs. Through this investigation, it could be noticed that there are several difficulties related to the report of the abuse and even its proof, with that, it was possible to observe the indispensable importance of the toxicological analysis for the detection of these substances and proof of the crime. Besides the importance of implementing victim assistance protocols and ways to avoid the coup.
Since ancient times, the use of psychoactive substances for sexual benefit or obtaining some good without resistance or consent of the victim has been described, these substances are classified as Drug Facilitated Crime. The majority of victims are women, while criminals are men, violence against women is considered a serious public health problem by the World Health Organization. In this way, the objective of this work was to perform a bibliographical review of Drug Facilitated Crime, in order to describe which are the main drugs and their mechanism of action, the profile of criminals, what are the difficulties in identifying them and how analytical toxicology can be useful in these cases. For this, extensive bibliographical research was executed, and the information was collected mostly through a search on the Pubmed platform through the keywords ““Drug Facilitated Crime”, “Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault” and “Drug Facilitated Rape”. In total, 194 articles were collected, of which only 41 were used, as they met the inclusion criteria – publications (bibliographic reviews, case studies or surveys), published on or after 2001, with one or more chemical substances described in the studies. In vivo and in vitro studies were excluded from the research. It was observed that the drugs most commonly used as facilitators of crime include analgesics, antidepressants, antihistamines and some antipsychotics, the most commonly found being benzodiazepines and ketamine, besides ethanol (the most used) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, therefore, the focus was on these substances with more prevalence. It was also possible to observe characteristics related to the criminal profile as well as the difference in profile when there is violence facilitated by drugs and when there is no substance use. Furthermore, toxicological analysis to determine these substances in victims can be done using biological matrices such as urine (most common), blood, oral fluids, and hair. These analyses are difficult due to the nature of the crime, causing an immeasurable psychological damage to the victims, making reports impossible or delaying it, and consequently making harder the detection/quantification of the drugs. Through this investigation, it could be noticed that there are several difficulties related to the report of the abuse and even its proof, with that, it was possible to observe the indispensable importance of the toxicological analysis for the detection of these substances and proof of the crime. Besides the importance of implementing victim assistance protocols and ways to avoid the coup.