Controle de doping em jogadores de futebol masculino do Brasil: 10 anos de acompanhamento da comissão médica e de combate à dopagem da Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF)
Data
2023
Autores
Moscovici, Herman Fabian 
Orientadores
Arliani, Gustavo Gonçalves
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Objetivo: Em 1999, por iniciativa do Comitê Olímpico Internacional (COI), foi criada a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), com o intuito de organizar, coordenar e promover uma luta internacional contra o doping, de forma independente e institucional. No Brasil, não conhecemos quais são as drogas mais comuns, os percentuais de Resultados Analíticos Adversos (RAA) totais por ano e carecemos de informações mais detalhadas sobre o perfil do atleta envolvido em casos de doping. Nossa proposta é compreender os RAA em um período recente de 10 anos, comparando com dados internacionais, identificando os agentes mais detectados, a idade mais prevalente, a posição em campo, a divisão em que o atleta estava jogando e relacionando essas variáveis, para conhecer a característica do perfil brasileiro. Métodos: Realizamos uma revisão dos RAA de 2008 a 2017, no banco de dados da Comissão de Controle de Doping (CCD) da Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF). Os dados foram acessados através de um programa criptografado, de acesso exclusivo, preservando o anonimato do atleta. As informações continham: número da amostra, idade do atleta, clube, competição disputada no momento do teste, grupo da substância identificada e tipo de punição, em meses. Foram considerados para estudo os RAA que ocorreram no futebol brasileiro em jogadores profissionais masculinos entre 2008 e 2017. Critérios de inclusão: Participantes de competições do futebol nacional (Séries A, B, C, D e Copa do Brasil) e campeonatos estaduais, totalizando 20 campeonatos; entretanto, somente 10 com RAA. Critérios de exclusão: Atletas do futebol feminino, atletas em campeonatos de categoria de base e competições internacionais. Resultados: A amostra selecionada nessa pesquisa foi composta a partir de 40.092 testes de doping, sendo 113 RAA (0,28%) em atletas de futebol masculino, categoria profissional, em competições nacionais e estaduais brasileiras entre os anos de 2008 e 2017, flagrados em exames de controle de doping através de amostras de urina. A idade média desses atletas foi de 27,2 anos; considerando a posição do atleta no jogo, cerca de 41 (36,3%) eram defensores, 31 (27,4%) meio campistas, 25 (22,1%) atacantes e 16 (14,2%) goleiros. Foi detectado com mais frequência o uso de estimulantes (31%), seguido de glicocorticoides (21,2%), diuréticos e agentes mascaradores (19,5%). A série do Campeonato Brasileiro não viii mostrou relação com nenhum dos grupos de substâncias da WADA. Dentro das competições nacionais, incluímos na análise amostras coletadas nas Séries A, B, C, D e Copa do Brasil. A Série A apresentou 0,07% dos RAA, seguida da Série B (0,21%), Série C (0,75%), Série D (1,49%) e Copa do Brasil (0,34%). Os anabolizantes (S1) foram as drogas responsáveis pelo maior tempo de afastamento de atletas, em torno de 18 meses. Conclusões: A taxa de RAA no futebol brasileiro é de 0,28%, em uma análise de 2008 a 2017, mais baixa que a média somada de todo o futebol mundial, e apresenta porcentagens similares entre as posições em campo. Os estimulantes são as drogas mais prevalentes, seguidos dos glicocorticoides e dos diuréticos e agentes mascaradores. As competições de elite do futebol nacional apresentam bem menos casos, em comparação às divisões inferiores.
Objective: In 1999, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) created the World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) to organize, coordinate and promote an international fight against doping, independently and institutionally. In Brazil, we do not know the most common drugs, the percentages of total Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) per year, and we also lack more detailed information about the athlete involved in doping cases. Our proposal is to understand the AAFs in a recent 10-year period, comparing with international data, identifying the most detected agents, the most prevalent age, the field position, the division in which the athlete was playing, and relating these variables to know the characteristics of the Brazilian profile. Methods: We conducted a review of AAFs, from 2008 to 2017, in the Brazilian Football Confederation Doping Control Commission database. The data were accessed through an encrypted, exclusive access program, preserving the athlete's anonymity. The information contained: sample number, athlete's age, club, competition played at the time of the test, identified substance group, and type of punishment in months. We considered for the study the AAFs that occurred in Brazilian soccer in male professional players between 2008 and 2017. Inclusion criteria: Participants in national soccer competitions (A, B, C, D series and Brazil Cup) and state championships, totaling 20 championships; however, only 10 with AAF. Exclusion criteria: Female soccer athletes, athletes in youth category championships, and international competitions. Results: The sample selected in this research was composed of 40.092 doping tests, with 113 AAF (0.28%) in male soccer athletes, professional category, in state and national competitions, between 2008 and 2017, caught in doping control exams through urine samples. The average age of these athletes was 27.2 years; considering the position of the athlete in the game, about 41 (36.3%) were defenders, 31 (27.4%) midfielders, 25 (22.1%) forwards, and 16 (14.2%) goalkeepers. The use of stimulants (31%) was detected most frequently, followed by glucocorticoids (21.2%), diuretics, and masking agents (19.5%). The Brazilian Championship series showed no relationship with any of the WADA substance groups. Within the national competitions, we included in the analysis samples collected from the A, B, C, D Series, and Brazil Cup. Series A showed 0.07% of AAR, followed by B Series (0.21%), C Series (0.75%), D Series (1.49%), and Brazil x Cup (0.34%). Anabolic steroids (S1) were the drugs responsible for the longest time away from athletes, around 18 months. Conclusions: The rate of AAF in Brazilian soccer is 0.28%, in an analysis from 2008 to 2017, lower than the summed average of all soccer worldwide, and presents similar percentages among field positions. Stimulants are the most prevalent drugs, followed by glucocorticoids, diuretics, and masking agents. The elite national soccer competitions have far fewer cases than the lower divisions.
Objective: In 1999, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) created the World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) to organize, coordinate and promote an international fight against doping, independently and institutionally. In Brazil, we do not know the most common drugs, the percentages of total Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) per year, and we also lack more detailed information about the athlete involved in doping cases. Our proposal is to understand the AAFs in a recent 10-year period, comparing with international data, identifying the most detected agents, the most prevalent age, the field position, the division in which the athlete was playing, and relating these variables to know the characteristics of the Brazilian profile. Methods: We conducted a review of AAFs, from 2008 to 2017, in the Brazilian Football Confederation Doping Control Commission database. The data were accessed through an encrypted, exclusive access program, preserving the athlete's anonymity. The information contained: sample number, athlete's age, club, competition played at the time of the test, identified substance group, and type of punishment in months. We considered for the study the AAFs that occurred in Brazilian soccer in male professional players between 2008 and 2017. Inclusion criteria: Participants in national soccer competitions (A, B, C, D series and Brazil Cup) and state championships, totaling 20 championships; however, only 10 with AAF. Exclusion criteria: Female soccer athletes, athletes in youth category championships, and international competitions. Results: The sample selected in this research was composed of 40.092 doping tests, with 113 AAF (0.28%) in male soccer athletes, professional category, in state and national competitions, between 2008 and 2017, caught in doping control exams through urine samples. The average age of these athletes was 27.2 years; considering the position of the athlete in the game, about 41 (36.3%) were defenders, 31 (27.4%) midfielders, 25 (22.1%) forwards, and 16 (14.2%) goalkeepers. The use of stimulants (31%) was detected most frequently, followed by glucocorticoids (21.2%), diuretics, and masking agents (19.5%). The Brazilian Championship series showed no relationship with any of the WADA substance groups. Within the national competitions, we included in the analysis samples collected from the A, B, C, D Series, and Brazil Cup. Series A showed 0.07% of AAR, followed by B Series (0.21%), C Series (0.75%), D Series (1.49%), and Brazil x Cup (0.34%). Anabolic steroids (S1) were the drugs responsible for the longest time away from athletes, around 18 months. Conclusions: The rate of AAF in Brazilian soccer is 0.28%, in an analysis from 2008 to 2017, lower than the summed average of all soccer worldwide, and presents similar percentages among field positions. Stimulants are the most prevalent drugs, followed by glucocorticoids, diuretics, and masking agents. The elite national soccer competitions have far fewer cases than the lower divisions.