Avaliação do impacto na saúde da população em cenários de aumento da mobilidade e redução de emissões atmosféricas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo
Data
2023-06-02
Autores
Leirião, Luciana Ferreira Leite 
Tipo
Tese de doutorado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
A mobilidade urbana, a poluição atmosférica e a saúde da população são temas
pertencentes a diferentes disciplinas que carecem de uma visão integrada,
principalmente em centros urbanos de países em desenvolvimento. Esta pesquisa
partiu do objetivo de avaliar o impacto em saúde decorrente da expansão da rede de
transportes sobre trilhos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Os
resultados, no entanto, não se limitaram apenas a esse objetivo, refletindo na
elaboração de oito artigos científicos envolvendo os temas supracitados. Dentre os
artigos, destacase uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os impactos associados ao
transporte sobre trilhos em diferentes âmbitos e um estudo sobre os fatores que mais
influenciam a população da RMSP na escolha do transporte sobre trilhos. No primeiro
artigo, notouse a ausência de estudos quantitativos que justifiquem e apoiem o
elevado investimento inerente a esse modo de transporte. No segundo, percebeuse
que a proximidade a uma estação é o principal fator que encoraja o uso do transporte
sobre trilhos, assim, a expansão da rede poderia favorecer o uso desse modo de
transporte em detrimento do automóvel particular. Ainda tendo o transporte sobre
trilhos como objeto de estudo, realizouse uma análise comparativa da poluição
atmosférica no município de São Paulo antes e depois da inauguração de estações
de metrô e também uma análise preditiva sobre a redução de emissões de poluentes
em decorrência da promoção do uso do transporte sobre trilhos por meio da expansão
da rede. Ambos os artigos apontaram que a redução na poluição em decorrência do
uso do transporte sobre trilhos não é muito expressiva em termos absolutos,
possivelmente em decorrência da elevada contribuição dos veículos pesados nas
emissões totais da RMSP. Assim, os artigos indicaram que políticas no âmbito de
transporte visando uma melhora na qualidade do ar devem obrigatoriamente
contemplar os veículos pesados, especialmente caminhões. Os impactos em saúde
em decorrência da poluição atmosférica, causada essencialmente por veículos, foram
contemplados em outros quatro artigos. Dois deles investigaram os efeitos positivos
em termos de melhora na qualidade do ar e óbitos evitados em decorrência da
redução de emissões durante a greve de caminhoneiros que ocorreu no Brasil em
2018. Os resultados expressivos obtidos nesses artigos reforçam a necessidade de
políticas públicas voltadas ao transporte de carga para a redução da poluição
atmosférica em grandes centros urbanos. Outro estudo envolvendo a poluição do ar
e a saúde demonstrou que a constante exposição prévia a poluentes contribuiu para
a letalidade da Covid19 durante a pandemia. Por fim, no último artigo, propôsse o
uso de redes neurais artificiais para a associação da mortalidade cardiorrespiratória e
a concentração de múltiplos poluentes. Nesse caso, o método proposto foi capaz de
superar limitações inerentes a outros métodos, mantendo baixos erros associados. A
partir da análise conjunta dos oito artigos, coloca-se como principais recomendações:
a necessidade de implementação de políticas integradas ao invés de isoladas, a
importância de o transporte de carga ser reestruturado e a necessidade de estudos
quantitativos do tipo preditivo que antecedam a implementação de políticas.
The themes of urban mobility, air pollution, and public health belong to different disciplines and are not considered under an integrated vision, especially in large urban centers from developing countries. This research had as its main objective the health evaluation of the expansion of the railway network in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The research results, however, were not limited to this objective and reflected in the elaboration of eight scientific articles involving the three themes mentioned above. Among these articles, there is a bibliographical review of the impacts associated with rail and a study about the factors that most influence the population of the MRSP to choose rail transportation. In the first article, it was noted the absence of quantitative studies that justify and support the high investment inherent in this mode of transport. In the second article, it was noticed that the proximity to a station is the main factor that encourages the use of rail transportation, so the expansion of the rail network could favor the use of this mode of transport to the detriment of private car use. Still having rail transport as an object of study, a comparative analysis of air quality in the city of São Paulo was carried out considering the period before and after the inauguration of subway stations and also a predictive analysis on the reduction of pollutants emissions as a consequence of promoting the use of rail transport through network expansion. Both articles pointed out that the reduction in pollution due to the use of rail transportation is not very expressive in absolute terms, possibly due to the high contribution of heavy vehicles in the total emissions of the RMSP. Thus, the articles indicated that transport policies aiming at air quality improvement must include heavy vehicles, especially trucks. Health impacts from air pollution exposure were covered in four other articles. Two of them investigated the positive effects in terms of improved air quality and avoided deaths due to the reduction of emissions during the truck drivers' strike that occurred in Brazil in 2018. The expressive results obtained in these articles reinforce the need for public policies focused on cargo transport in order to reduce atmospheric pollution in large urban centers. Another study involving air pollution and health demonstrated that constant exposure to some pollutants contributed to the lethality of Covid19 during the pandemic. Finally, in the last article, the use of artificial neural networks was proposed to associate cardiorespiratory mortality with exposure to multiple pollutants simultaneously. In this case, the proposed method was able to overcome limitations inherent to other methods, keeping low errors. Based on the joint analysis of the eight articles, the main recommendations are the need to implement integrated rather than isolated policies, the importance of restructuring freight transport, and the need for quantitative studies that precede the policy implementation.
The themes of urban mobility, air pollution, and public health belong to different disciplines and are not considered under an integrated vision, especially in large urban centers from developing countries. This research had as its main objective the health evaluation of the expansion of the railway network in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The research results, however, were not limited to this objective and reflected in the elaboration of eight scientific articles involving the three themes mentioned above. Among these articles, there is a bibliographical review of the impacts associated with rail and a study about the factors that most influence the population of the MRSP to choose rail transportation. In the first article, it was noted the absence of quantitative studies that justify and support the high investment inherent in this mode of transport. In the second article, it was noticed that the proximity to a station is the main factor that encourages the use of rail transportation, so the expansion of the rail network could favor the use of this mode of transport to the detriment of private car use. Still having rail transport as an object of study, a comparative analysis of air quality in the city of São Paulo was carried out considering the period before and after the inauguration of subway stations and also a predictive analysis on the reduction of pollutants emissions as a consequence of promoting the use of rail transport through network expansion. Both articles pointed out that the reduction in pollution due to the use of rail transportation is not very expressive in absolute terms, possibly due to the high contribution of heavy vehicles in the total emissions of the RMSP. Thus, the articles indicated that transport policies aiming at air quality improvement must include heavy vehicles, especially trucks. Health impacts from air pollution exposure were covered in four other articles. Two of them investigated the positive effects in terms of improved air quality and avoided deaths due to the reduction of emissions during the truck drivers' strike that occurred in Brazil in 2018. The expressive results obtained in these articles reinforce the need for public policies focused on cargo transport in order to reduce atmospheric pollution in large urban centers. Another study involving air pollution and health demonstrated that constant exposure to some pollutants contributed to the lethality of Covid19 during the pandemic. Finally, in the last article, the use of artificial neural networks was proposed to associate cardiorespiratory mortality with exposure to multiple pollutants simultaneously. In this case, the proposed method was able to overcome limitations inherent to other methods, keeping low errors. Based on the joint analysis of the eight articles, the main recommendations are the need to implement integrated rather than isolated policies, the importance of restructuring freight transport, and the need for quantitative studies that precede the policy implementation.