Doença de Chagas: aspectos gerais e imunopatogenia com foco para a atuação das células B-1 durante a infecção - uma revisão bibliográfica
Data
2022-12-07
Autores
Queiroz, Júlia Fonseca 
Orientadores
Batista, Patricia Xander
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
A doença de Chagas é uma zoonose negligenciada causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma
cruzi, que apresenta grande importância epidemiológica e que nos últimos anos tem se
disseminado para fora da área endêmica. Ainda há diversos questionamentos acerca da
imunopatogenia da doença de Chagas e a relação parasita-hospedeiro. Estudos realizados
demonstram que é muito importante o balanço entre citocinas pró- e anti-inflamatórias para
uma resposta imunológica mais efetiva ao parasito, mas não só isso, os efeitos protetivos
dependem do background genético do hospedeiro, da virulência da cepa e do inóculo, o que
denota grande desafio para o desenvolvimento de novas terapias. Diversos estudos já
demonstraram que pacientes na fase crônica exibem anticorpos autorreativos que levam a piora
do quadro clínico, mas ainda não se sabe como esses anticorpos são gerados. As células B-1,
ainda pouco estudadas, dentre diversas funcionalidades, são capazes de produzir citocinas e
anticorpos, incluindo autoanticorpos. Na fase aguda da doença de Chagas os anticorpos
aparecem com baixa especificidade e podem perdurar durante longos períodos em mecanismo
similar ao que acontece no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, o que levanta o questionamento sobre
a implicação desses anticorpos na evolução da doença. Na fase crônica, uma maior frequência
de células B-1 e seu perfil anti-inflamatório parecem ser favoráveis para o hospedeiro. O
presente estudo pretende conectar os aspectos gerais da doença de Chagas e a sua
imunopatogenia, com foco para a atuação células B-1 durante a infecção, mesmo que poucos
estudos tenham sido realizados acerca das implicações dessas células na patologia em questão.
Essas células têm papel relevante na doença de Chagas e podem ser protagonistas ou mesmo
direcionadoras para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas no combate a T. cruzi
se mais esforços forem realizados para estudá-las no contexto dessa parasitose.
Chagas disease is a neglected zoonosis caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which has great epidemiological importance and in recent years has spread outside the endemic area. There is still no certainty about its immunopathogenesis and its parasite-host relationship. Studies have shown that it is very important to have a balance between pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines for an effectiveness fight against the parasite, moreover, the protective effects depend on the host genetic background, strain virulence and the inoculum, which poses a great challenge for the development of good therapies. Several studies have already shown that patients in the chronic phase exhibit autoreactive antibodies that lead to a worsening of the clinical picture, but it is still unknown how these antibodies are generated. The B-1 cells, which have few studies, present several functionalities. Some of them are cytokines and antibodies production and, in the acute phase of Chagas disease, these antibodies appear with low specificity and can last for long periods in a similar mechanism to what happens in the systemic lupus erythematosus disease, which raises questions about on how these antibodies are implicated in the evolution of the disease. In the chronic phase, a higher frequency of B-1 cells and their anti-inflammatory profile appear to be favorable for the host. The present study aims to connect the general aspects of Chagas disease and its immunopathogenesis, focusing on the role of B-1 cells during infection, even though few studies have been carried out on how these cells are implicated in the pathology. These cells are crucial for Chagas disease and can be protagonists or even drivers for the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat T. cruzi, if more efforts are made to study them in the parasitosis context.
Chagas disease is a neglected zoonosis caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which has great epidemiological importance and in recent years has spread outside the endemic area. There is still no certainty about its immunopathogenesis and its parasite-host relationship. Studies have shown that it is very important to have a balance between pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines for an effectiveness fight against the parasite, moreover, the protective effects depend on the host genetic background, strain virulence and the inoculum, which poses a great challenge for the development of good therapies. Several studies have already shown that patients in the chronic phase exhibit autoreactive antibodies that lead to a worsening of the clinical picture, but it is still unknown how these antibodies are generated. The B-1 cells, which have few studies, present several functionalities. Some of them are cytokines and antibodies production and, in the acute phase of Chagas disease, these antibodies appear with low specificity and can last for long periods in a similar mechanism to what happens in the systemic lupus erythematosus disease, which raises questions about on how these antibodies are implicated in the evolution of the disease. In the chronic phase, a higher frequency of B-1 cells and their anti-inflammatory profile appear to be favorable for the host. The present study aims to connect the general aspects of Chagas disease and its immunopathogenesis, focusing on the role of B-1 cells during infection, even though few studies have been carried out on how these cells are implicated in the pathology. These cells are crucial for Chagas disease and can be protagonists or even drivers for the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat T. cruzi, if more efforts are made to study them in the parasitosis context.