Nova Política? O impacto eleitoral das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs)
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Data
2021-08-20
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Trabalho de conclusão de curso
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A presente pesquisa visou investigar a relação das redes sociais com os fenômenos de desinformação e polarização política a partir da perspectiva dos comportamentos dos usuários em selecionar e validar informações nessas redes, principalmente sobre fatos políticos nacionais e em períodos de campanha eleitoral. Por meio de grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas, a pesquisa dividiu-se em duas dimensões de análise. A primeira buscou compreender, por meio de entrevistas com docentes de Ciência da Computação e revisão bibliográfica da área de tecnologia, de que forma a estrutura técnica, algorítmica e regulada dessas tecnologias influencia na construção de percepções do mundo e nos padrões de
interação dos usuários. Na segunda dimensão, investigou-se quais são as dinâmicas subjetivas e discursivas por trás da checagem de conteúdos online no cotidiano dos participantes. Buscou-se também compreender de que forma a polarização política nas redes sociais em períodos eleitorais influencia na relação dos participantes com conteúdos de fake news. Foram realizados grupos focais online com aplicação prática de atividades de fact-checking com participantes de perfis distintos de todas as regiões do país. As conclusões da pesquisa vão na direção de apontar recomendações para o combate à desinformação em redes sociais durante períodos eleitorais, especialmente no fomento ao digital literacy do eleitorado e na compreensão do papel da polarização política na suscetibilidade aos chamados conteúdos de fake news. Como resultados das entrevistas com cientistas da computação, foi mapeada uma problemática a mais para a construção de um diálogo interdisciplinar visando combate às fake news: a crença dos profissionais do setor de tecnologia na neutralidade das tecnologias e um discurso acrítico sobre o papel dos próprios mecanismos computacionais por trás das redes sociais nas problemáticas de desinformação e poalrização política. De modo geral, há uma pré-concepção entre os profissionais de tecnologia de que as críticas sobre o potencial de modulação das redes sociais vêm de um lugar de ignorância, o que dificulta a compreensão destes fenômenos em suas múltiplas facetas, além da proposta de combate à desinformação por meio de soluções de ordem técnica. Sobre os grupos focais, destaca-se como resultado a prevalência do uso de posicionamentos políticos e discurso partidário como principal elemento para verificação da credibilidade de conteúdos online. Os participantes demonstraram deficiências nas competências necessárias para o fact-checking, e o motivated reasoning se mostrou a regra. De modo geral, o fomento ao letramento digital encontra desafios maiores entre indivíduos de forte posicionamento político. Houve uma maior tendência a ver conteúdos com opiniões divergentes como de menor credibilidade. Consequentemente, futuras soluções de fomento de habilidades de fact-checking no eleitorado devem levar em conta os desafios postos pelo partidarismo, pelos efeitos da polarização política e os efeitos da fadiga informacional na saúde mental dos eleitores.
This research aimed to investigate the impact of social media in the phenomena of disinformation and political polarization throughout the behaviour of users in selecting and validating information in their social media, especially concerning national political facts during election periods. Through the conducting of focus groups and semistructured interviews, the research comprehended two dimensions of analysis. The first one, through semistructured interviews with professors of Computer Science and bibliographic review in papers of the technological field, the aim was to understand the ways that the technical, algorithmic and regulated structure of social media influences the construction of worldviews and the interaction patterns amongst users. In the second dimension, the subjective and discursive dimensions behind fact-checking of online content were investigated. The research also sought to understand in what ways political polarization in social media influences the relation of the electorate with fake news content. Practical activities of fact-checking with real social media content were applied with participants from every region of the country with different characteristics. The conclusions of this research address recommendation to the combat of disinformation in social media during elections, especially in fomenting digital literacy of the electorate and comprehending the impact of political polarization in susceptibility to the so-called 'fake news' contents. As a result of the interviews with computer scientists, one further problematic for the construction of a multidisciplinary dialogue aimed at the combat of fake news: the belief amongst these professionals in the neutrality of technology and an acritical discourse of the role of the computational mechanisms behind social media itself in the issue of disinformation and political polarization. In a broad sense, there is a preconception amongst technology professionals that the public critics of the potential of social media algorithms in modulating behaviour come from a place of ignorance, a preconception that hampers the comprehension of these phenomena in its multiple facets, as well as complicates the proposal of technical solutions. Regarding the focus groups, a result that is highlighted is the prevalence of political opinions and partisan discourse as the main elements used to verify the credibility of online content. The participants of this research demonstrated deficiencies in the necessary competencies for fact-checking, and motivated reasoning was the rule. In a broad sense, the promotion of digital literacy encounters harder challenges amongst individuals of strong political opinions. There was a higher tendency of seeing divergent opinions as less credible and legitimate. Consequently, future solutions for the promotion of fact-checking habilities must address the challenges posed by partisanship, the effects of political polarization and of informational fatigue in the mental health of electors.
This research aimed to investigate the impact of social media in the phenomena of disinformation and political polarization throughout the behaviour of users in selecting and validating information in their social media, especially concerning national political facts during election periods. Through the conducting of focus groups and semistructured interviews, the research comprehended two dimensions of analysis. The first one, through semistructured interviews with professors of Computer Science and bibliographic review in papers of the technological field, the aim was to understand the ways that the technical, algorithmic and regulated structure of social media influences the construction of worldviews and the interaction patterns amongst users. In the second dimension, the subjective and discursive dimensions behind fact-checking of online content were investigated. The research also sought to understand in what ways political polarization in social media influences the relation of the electorate with fake news content. Practical activities of fact-checking with real social media content were applied with participants from every region of the country with different characteristics. The conclusions of this research address recommendation to the combat of disinformation in social media during elections, especially in fomenting digital literacy of the electorate and comprehending the impact of political polarization in susceptibility to the so-called 'fake news' contents. As a result of the interviews with computer scientists, one further problematic for the construction of a multidisciplinary dialogue aimed at the combat of fake news: the belief amongst these professionals in the neutrality of technology and an acritical discourse of the role of the computational mechanisms behind social media itself in the issue of disinformation and political polarization. In a broad sense, there is a preconception amongst technology professionals that the public critics of the potential of social media algorithms in modulating behaviour come from a place of ignorance, a preconception that hampers the comprehension of these phenomena in its multiple facets, as well as complicates the proposal of technical solutions. Regarding the focus groups, a result that is highlighted is the prevalence of political opinions and partisan discourse as the main elements used to verify the credibility of online content. The participants of this research demonstrated deficiencies in the necessary competencies for fact-checking, and motivated reasoning was the rule. In a broad sense, the promotion of digital literacy encounters harder challenges amongst individuals of strong political opinions. There was a higher tendency of seeing divergent opinions as less credible and legitimate. Consequently, future solutions for the promotion of fact-checking habilities must address the challenges posed by partisanship, the effects of political polarization and of informational fatigue in the mental health of electors.
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Citação
CARNAIBA, Amanda F. Nova Política? O impacto eleitoral das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs). Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Ciências Sociais) - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Guarulhos, 2021