O Direito e o Estado Soviéticos: um estudo sobre Andrei Vychinski
Data
2021-04-26
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Na década de 1920, juristas soviéticos buscaram enfrentar teoricamente as categorias do direito e do Estado à luz das teses de Marx, Engels e Lenin, inclusive com o propósito de refletir idealmente sobre esses elementos na sua complexa articulação com as dificuldades impostas pela conjuntura revolucionária do comunismo de guerra e também do período de implementação da Nova Política Econômica (NEP - Novaya Ekonomiceskaya Politika).
Nessa senda, Piotr Stutchka vislumbrou a possibilidade de um “direito socialista” no curso da transição para o comunismo, o que seria potencializado mais tarde por Vychinski em sua tese a respeito da “legalidade revolucionária”. Ao lado de Stutchka, despontava Pachukanis, que compreendia a impossibilidade e a inconsistência da formulação de um direito socialista, demonstrando, a partir de “O Capital” de Marx, que o direito corresponde à específica forma social burguesa e que, portanto, está fadado a existir enquanto perdurar o modo de produção capitalista, não perdendo seu caráter burguês no período de transição. Essa tese seria fortemente rechaçada por Vychinski.
No que concerne ao Estado, a maior referência era sem dúvida “O Estado e a Revolução” (1917) de Lenin, livro no qual se reafirmava a clássica noção de Marx e Engels sobre a quebra do aparelho estatal burguês e a consequente implementação da ditadura do proletariado no período de transição do capitalismo para o comunismo, no curso do qual o Estado “definharia”. Essa tese também seria repelida pelos escritos de Vychinski. Tanto no tema do direito quanto do Estado, o conjunto da obra de Vychinski passaria a representar um ponto de inflexão com relação às produções antecedentes.
Essa mudança de posicionamento consolidada pelas obras de Vychinski entre as décadas de 1930 e 1950 exige uma análise crítica meticulosa a fim de respondermos o que a tornou possível, bem como de demonstrarmos os fundamentos da reelaboração teórica da doutrina “marxista” do direito e do Estado por ele formulada, no caso do direito, e disseminada, no caso do Estado (como veremos, ele foi o grande ratificador das posições de Stalin no tema do Estado). Afinal, após essa mudança, não estava mais colocada a perspectiva do definhamento do direito e do Estado, mas, precisamente a defesa do seu necessário fortalecimento. Esse problema, que acreditamos estar longe de ser resolvido, constitui o objeto de nossa pesquisa.
À luz do que foi dito, traçamos como objetivo principal da presente pesquisa analisar criticamente a relação existente entre as transformações experimentadas pela União Soviética no processo de transição socialista e a concepção teórica formulada por Andrei Vychinski a respeito do direito e do Estado no período de ditadura do proletariado, com especial atenção para as décadas de 1920 a 1950, interregno em que suas obras são produzidas e publicadas.
Nossa hipótese principal é que as teses defendidas por Vychinski forneceram o material ideológico necessário para “resolver” no plano teórico as contradições que afetavam as práticas do PCUS e dos dirigentes bolcheviques, capturados pela burguesia de Estado em ascensão. Assim, a produção de Vychinski, tal como de outros teóricos do stalinismo, ao mesmo tempo que proclamava o marxismo, negava-o rotineiramente naquilo que seriam os seus pilares fundamentais, contribuindo, em última instância, para ocultar as relações de exploração e de classe na URSS.
Para concretizar nossa proposta, recorremos ao materialismo histórico, já que compreendemos o direito (e também o Estado) como uma forma social e histórica determinada pelo próprio processo histórico. Em termos de técnica de pesquisa, diante do objeto e do objetivo traçado, sem perder de vista o método histórico-materialista, em se tratando de uma pesquisa teórica, recorremos à pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O método e as técnicas de pesquisa adotados nos permitiram analisar os escritos de Vychinski em cotejo com as principais teses dos clássicos do marxismo, sem perder de vista a natureza da formação social e econômica soviética, recorrendo, quanto a este último ponto, ao importante material produzido por Charles Bettelheim e outros autores que, com idêntica precisão, se dedicaram ao debate em torno dos principais conceitos da crítica da economia política, como é o caso da articulação entre forças produtivas e relações de produção e da distinção entre relações de apropriação real e formas de propriedade.
A análise decorrente da articulação entre fatores materiais objetivos da formação social e econômica soviética e a obra de Vychinski, com a pretensão de investigar os fundamentos de sua formulação teórica, constituem o substrato da hipótese que suscitamos acima e cujos argumentos serão distribuídos ao longo de seis capítulos da dissertação, sendo o último destinado à elaboração de notas críticas.
Espera-se, a partir desse estudo, contribuir teoricamente com o campo das ciências sociais em geral, e especialmente da Ciência Política e da Teoria geral do Direito e do Estado, introduzindo a obra de Andrei Vychinski aos estudiosos brasileiros que compartilham desse campo de estudos, bem como fornecendo, por um lado, um panorama geral de sua biografia e, por outro, uma noção detalhada daquilo que seriam os principais fundamentos e conceitos teóricos de sua concepção a respeito das categorias do direito e do Estado.
In the 1920s, Soviet jurists devoted themselves to the study of the categories of law and the state in light of the theses of Marx, Engels and Lenin, with the purpose of reflecting ideally on these concepts in their complex articulation with the difficulties imposed by the revolutionary situation of the war communism and also the period of implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP - Novaya Ekonomiceskaya Politika). Piotr Stutchka glimpsed the possibility of a “socialist law” in the course of the transition to communism, which would later be leveraged by Vychinski in his thesis on “revolutionary legality”. Pachukanis, on the contrary, defended the impossibility and inconsistency of the formulation of a “socialist law”, demonstrating, from Marx's “Capital”, that law corresponds to the specific bourgeois social form and that, therefore, it is bound to exist as long as the capitalist mode of production lasts, not losing its bourgeois character in the transition period. This thesis would be strongly rejected by Vychinski. The greatest reference with regard to the State was undoubtedly Lenin's “The State and the Revolution” (1917), book in which the classic notion of Marx and Engels about the breakdown of the bourgeois state apparatus and the consequent implementation of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the period of transition from capitalism to communism, in the course of which the state would “wither away”. This thesis would also be repelled by Vychinski's writings. Vychinski's work came to represent a turning point in relation to previous productions with regard to the themes of law and the State in the tradition inaugurated by Marx. This change of position consolidated by Vychinski's works between the 1930s and 1950s requires a meticulous critical analysis in order to answer what made it possible, as well as to demonstrate the foundations of the theoretical re-elaboration of the "Marxist" doctrine of law and the State formulated by him, in the case of law, and disseminated, in the case of the State (as we shall see, he was the great ratifier of Stalin's positions on the subject of the State). After all, after this change, the perspective of the withering of law and the State was no longer placed, but, precisely, the defence of its necessary strengthening. This problem, which we believe is far from being solved, is the object of our research. In light of what has been said, the main objective of this research is to analyse critically the relationship between the transformations experienced by the Soviet Union in the socialist transition process and the theoretical conception formulated by Andrei Vychinski regarding law and the State during the period of the dictatorship of proletariat, with special attention to the 1920s and 1950s, the period in which his works were produced and published. Our main hypothesis is that the theses defended by Vychinski provided the necessary ideological material to “solve”, on a theoretical level, the contradictions that affected the practices of the CPSU and the Bolshevik leaders, captured by the rising state bourgeoisie. To reach our proposal, we resorted to historical materialism, since we understand the law (and also the State) as a social and historical form determined by the historical process itself. As it is a theoretical research, in terms of research technique, we resorted to bibliographical and documentary research. The method and research techniques adopted allowed us to analyse Vychinski's writings in comparison with the main theses of the classics of Marxism, without losing sight of the nature of the social and economic Soviet formation, using, in this last point, the important material produced by Charles Bettelheim and other authors who, with equal precision, dedicated themselves to the debate around the main concepts of the critique of political economy, as is the case of the articulation between productive forces and production relations and the distinction between real and appropriation relations forms of property. The analysis resulting from the articulation between objective material factors of the social and economic Soviet formation and Vychinski's work, with the intention of investigating the foundations of his theoretical formulation, constitute the substrate of the hypothesis raised above and whose arguments will be distributed over six chapters of the dissertation, the last being destined to the elaboration of critical notes. It is expected, from this study, to contribute theoretically to the field of social sciences in general, and especially to Political Science and the General Theory of Law and the State, introducing the work of Andrei Vychinski to Brazilian scholars who share this field of studies, as well as providing, on the one hand, an overview of his biography and, on the other, a detailed notion of what would be the main theoretical foundations and concepts of his conception regarding the categories of law and the State.
In the 1920s, Soviet jurists devoted themselves to the study of the categories of law and the state in light of the theses of Marx, Engels and Lenin, with the purpose of reflecting ideally on these concepts in their complex articulation with the difficulties imposed by the revolutionary situation of the war communism and also the period of implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP - Novaya Ekonomiceskaya Politika). Piotr Stutchka glimpsed the possibility of a “socialist law” in the course of the transition to communism, which would later be leveraged by Vychinski in his thesis on “revolutionary legality”. Pachukanis, on the contrary, defended the impossibility and inconsistency of the formulation of a “socialist law”, demonstrating, from Marx's “Capital”, that law corresponds to the specific bourgeois social form and that, therefore, it is bound to exist as long as the capitalist mode of production lasts, not losing its bourgeois character in the transition period. This thesis would be strongly rejected by Vychinski. The greatest reference with regard to the State was undoubtedly Lenin's “The State and the Revolution” (1917), book in which the classic notion of Marx and Engels about the breakdown of the bourgeois state apparatus and the consequent implementation of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the period of transition from capitalism to communism, in the course of which the state would “wither away”. This thesis would also be repelled by Vychinski's writings. Vychinski's work came to represent a turning point in relation to previous productions with regard to the themes of law and the State in the tradition inaugurated by Marx. This change of position consolidated by Vychinski's works between the 1930s and 1950s requires a meticulous critical analysis in order to answer what made it possible, as well as to demonstrate the foundations of the theoretical re-elaboration of the "Marxist" doctrine of law and the State formulated by him, in the case of law, and disseminated, in the case of the State (as we shall see, he was the great ratifier of Stalin's positions on the subject of the State). After all, after this change, the perspective of the withering of law and the State was no longer placed, but, precisely, the defence of its necessary strengthening. This problem, which we believe is far from being solved, is the object of our research. In light of what has been said, the main objective of this research is to analyse critically the relationship between the transformations experienced by the Soviet Union in the socialist transition process and the theoretical conception formulated by Andrei Vychinski regarding law and the State during the period of the dictatorship of proletariat, with special attention to the 1920s and 1950s, the period in which his works were produced and published. Our main hypothesis is that the theses defended by Vychinski provided the necessary ideological material to “solve”, on a theoretical level, the contradictions that affected the practices of the CPSU and the Bolshevik leaders, captured by the rising state bourgeoisie. To reach our proposal, we resorted to historical materialism, since we understand the law (and also the State) as a social and historical form determined by the historical process itself. As it is a theoretical research, in terms of research technique, we resorted to bibliographical and documentary research. The method and research techniques adopted allowed us to analyse Vychinski's writings in comparison with the main theses of the classics of Marxism, without losing sight of the nature of the social and economic Soviet formation, using, in this last point, the important material produced by Charles Bettelheim and other authors who, with equal precision, dedicated themselves to the debate around the main concepts of the critique of political economy, as is the case of the articulation between productive forces and production relations and the distinction between real and appropriation relations forms of property. The analysis resulting from the articulation between objective material factors of the social and economic Soviet formation and Vychinski's work, with the intention of investigating the foundations of his theoretical formulation, constitute the substrate of the hypothesis raised above and whose arguments will be distributed over six chapters of the dissertation, the last being destined to the elaboration of critical notes. It is expected, from this study, to contribute theoretically to the field of social sciences in general, and especially to Political Science and the General Theory of Law and the State, introducing the work of Andrei Vychinski to Brazilian scholars who share this field of studies, as well as providing, on the one hand, an overview of his biography and, on the other, a detailed notion of what would be the main theoretical foundations and concepts of his conception regarding the categories of law and the State.
Descrição
Citação
Farias, João Guilherme A. O Direito e o Estado Soviéticos: um estudo sobre Andrei Vychinski. Dissertação de Mestrado - EFLCH - UNIFESP - Guarulhos - SP, 2021, 244 p.