FAO, Fome e o direito à alimentação no Brasil: movimentos e contradições
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Data
2020-12-16
Autores
Santos, José Elson da Silva dos [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Nozabielli, Sônia Regina [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
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Resumo
O direito à alimentação tem como base material o fenômeno da fome, suas causas e consequências enraizadas na exploração capitalista, sendo objeto de mobilizações e lutas sociais que buscaram melhorar as condições de vida e trabalho dos trabalhadores, reconhecendo essa questão no campo dos direitos sociais brasileiros. À vista disso, a presente dissertação de mestrado tem como temática a relação entre o direito à alimentação no Brasil e o papel da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO) na construção histórica desse direito. O Brasil incorporou a alimentação no rol dos direitos sociais no ano de 2010, pela Emenda Constitucional n.º 64, após um processo histórico de amadurecimento teórico e de lutas sociais. Tais processos não ocorreram de forma linear e se somam de maneira interdependente à atuação de agências internacionais, como a FAO, para a adoção de soluções e respostas à fome. A Organização desencadeou debates e ações internacionais para que os países produzissem respostas institucionais à questão da fome de maneiras diferentes ao longo do século XX e XXI, sendo as soluções mais recentes ao fenômeno construídas pela via do direito à alimentação. Para desenvolver essa análise, a metodologia consistiu em um estudo bibliográfico e documental, com o objetivo concentrado em apurar o processo de debate do combate à fome e de definição do direito à alimentação conduzido pela FAO e as interações decorrentes na realidade brasileira, que se desenvolve ao longo de três capítulos. Assim, depreende-se desse estudo que a definição da alimentação como direito social ocorreu no Brasil também após indução da FAO como forma de atualizar os compromissos do Estado quanto à erradicação da fome, na perspectiva de vincular sua ação para respeitar, proteger e realizar o direito à alimentação, de maneira a dotar os indivíduos de mecanismos de cobrança, prestação de contas e de responsabilização pela não efetivação do mesmo na realidade. A FAO atuou por meio do financiamento de projetos de suporte ao Brasil no monitoramento e operacionalização do direito à alimentação, bem como para a criação de capacidades e instrumentos para implementação desse direito. No entanto, a fome se mantém como processo e necessidade social presente na realidade material dos trabalhadores, produzida e reproduzida no desenvolvimento capitalista. Nesse sentido, com base no referencial teórico analisado, tem-se a abordagem do direito como resposta contraditória e limitada na sociabilidade capitalista, ainda que possa representar uma mudança na direção política que supera a eventualidade e casuísmos das intervenções em relação à fome.
The right to food has as its material base the phenomenon of hunger, its causes and consequences rooted in capitalist exploitation, being the object of social mobilizations and struggles that sought to improve the living and working conditions of the workers, recognizing this issue in the field of Brazilian social rights. In view of this, this Master's thesis has as its theme the relationship between the right to food in Brazil and the role of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the historical construction of this right. Brazil incorporated food in the list of social rights in 2010, by Constitutional Amendment 64, after a historical process of theoretical maturation and social struggles. Such processes did not occur in a linear manner and add interdependently to the actions of international agencies, such as FAO, for the adoption of solutions and responses to hunger. The Organization triggered international debates and actions so that countries could produce institutional responses to the issue of hunger in different ways throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the most recent solutions to the phenomenon being built through the right to food. To develop this analysis, the methodology consisted of a bibliographic and documental study, with the purpose of refining the process of debate on the fight against hunger and definition of the right to food conducted by FAO, and the resulting interactions in the Brazilian reality, which is developed throughout three chapters. Thus, it is clear from this study that the definition of food as a social right occurred in Brazil also after the induction of FAO as a way to update the State's commitments to eradicate hunger, with the perspective of linking its action to respect, protect, and realize the right to food, so as to provide individuals with mechanisms for collection, accountability, and responsibility for not realizing it in reality. FAO has acted by financing projects to support Brazil in monitoring and operationalizing the right to food, as well as creating capacities and instruments to implement this right. However, hunger remains a process and social need present in the material reality of workers, produced and reproduced in capitalist development. In this sense, based on the theoretical reference analyzed, the right's approach is a contradictory and limited response in capitalist sociability, even though it may represent a change in political direction that overcomes the eventuality and casuistry of interventions in relation to hunger
The right to food has as its material base the phenomenon of hunger, its causes and consequences rooted in capitalist exploitation, being the object of social mobilizations and struggles that sought to improve the living and working conditions of the workers, recognizing this issue in the field of Brazilian social rights. In view of this, this Master's thesis has as its theme the relationship between the right to food in Brazil and the role of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the historical construction of this right. Brazil incorporated food in the list of social rights in 2010, by Constitutional Amendment 64, after a historical process of theoretical maturation and social struggles. Such processes did not occur in a linear manner and add interdependently to the actions of international agencies, such as FAO, for the adoption of solutions and responses to hunger. The Organization triggered international debates and actions so that countries could produce institutional responses to the issue of hunger in different ways throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the most recent solutions to the phenomenon being built through the right to food. To develop this analysis, the methodology consisted of a bibliographic and documental study, with the purpose of refining the process of debate on the fight against hunger and definition of the right to food conducted by FAO, and the resulting interactions in the Brazilian reality, which is developed throughout three chapters. Thus, it is clear from this study that the definition of food as a social right occurred in Brazil also after the induction of FAO as a way to update the State's commitments to eradicate hunger, with the perspective of linking its action to respect, protect, and realize the right to food, so as to provide individuals with mechanisms for collection, accountability, and responsibility for not realizing it in reality. FAO has acted by financing projects to support Brazil in monitoring and operationalizing the right to food, as well as creating capacities and instruments to implement this right. However, hunger remains a process and social need present in the material reality of workers, produced and reproduced in capitalist development. In this sense, based on the theoretical reference analyzed, the right's approach is a contradictory and limited response in capitalist sociability, even though it may represent a change in political direction that overcomes the eventuality and casuistry of interventions in relation to hunger
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Citação
SANTOS, José Elson da Silva dos. FAO, Fome e o direito à alimentação no Brasil: movimentos e contradições. 2020. 120 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Serviço Social e Políticas Sociais) - Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 2020.