Áreas marinhas protegidas da América Latina sob ameaça de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos
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Data
2019
Autores
Nunes, Beatriz Zachello [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Castro, Ítalo Braga [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
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A criação e ampliação do sistema global de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) são ferramentas implementadas mundialmentevisando reduzir a perda de biodiversidade. De fato, essa estratégia corresponde a Meta 11 de Aichii, estabelecida durante a 10ª Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (COP-10), que determina que, até 2020 pelo menos 10% das áreas marinhas e costeiras tenham sido conservadas por meio da criação de UCs. Embora a contaminação e a poluição figurem entre as principais ameaças contemporâneas à biodiversidade, poucos estudos tem se dedicado a avaliar seus impactos dentro de áreas marinhas protegidas (AMPs). A presente proposta avaliou, com base em um estudo metanalítico a partir de dados disponíveis na literatura, se as áreas marinhas protegidas do litoral sul-americano encontram-se ameaçadas pela contaminação por HPAs. De acordo com os resultados, 1216 registros foram reportados nas zonas costeiras de 9 países. Destes, 341 abrangeram 36 Áreas Marinhas Protegidas (AMP) localizadas nos territórios da Argentina, Brasil, Colômbia, México, Nicarágua e Uruguai. Entre as unidades de conservação afetadas foram reportadas AMPs classificadas em diferentes categorias segundo a IUCN, além de zonas objeto de diplomações especiais como Reservas de Biosfera da UNESCO e sítios de Ramsar. A quantificação dos impactos utilizando diferentes ferramentas mostrou um pequeno número de AMPs com impacto moderado (SQGq = 13 AMPs, ERL/ERM = 0 AMPs, OSPAR = 5 AMPs). Por outro lado, a grande maioria das áreas afetadas apresentou impactos baixo (SQGq = 25 AMPs, ERL/ERM = 29 AMPs, OSPAR = 5 AMPs) ou inexistente (SQGq = 17 AMPs, ERL/ERM = 6 AMPs, OSPAR = 28 AMPs). Fontes mistas (petrogênicas e piroliticas) foram as principais origens de contaminação nas AMPs analisadas, sendo atribuídas principalmente a proximidade de empreendimentos portuários, industriais ou grandes adensamentos urbanos. Considerando a existência de mais de 255 mil áras protegidas no mundo, a realização de monitoramentos visando avaliar a grande diversidade de contaminantes que potencialmente podem afetar seus objetivos de conservação não é tarefa fácil. Nesse aspecto, a abordagem adotada no presente estudo demonstrou ser uma ferramenta valiosa e útil para analisar de forma abrangente impactos químicos em AMPs do mundo, visto que as áreas sujeitas a maior vulnerabilidade foram identificadas. Sendo assim, é fortemente sugerido o uso dessa ferramenta para avaliar impactos de outros contaminantes capazes de ameaçar AMPs. Tal sugestão é ainda mais pertinente, assumindo que misturas de diferentes contaminantes podem estar presentes nessas zonas mesmo não sendo previstas em nenhuma legislação, e podendo ser um problema oculto e ainda não mensurado
The creation and expansion of the global system of Protected Areas (PAs) are tools implemented worldwide in order to reduce biodiversity loss. This strategy corresponds to the 11thAichii Goal, set during the 10th Convention on Biological Diversity (COP-10). The convention stipulates that by 2020 at least 10% of marine and coastal areas should be conserved through the creation of PAs. Although contamination and pollution are among the main contemporary threats to biodiversity, few studies have been performed assessing their impacts within marine protected areas (MPAs). The present study was based on a metanalytic study from data available in the literature in order to investigate if marine protected areas from the Latin American coast are threatened by HPA contamination. According to results, 1216 records were reported in the coastal zones of 9 countries. Among them, 341 were distribute in 36 Marine Protected Areas (MPA). The MPAs were classified in different caterogies according to the IUCN, as well as areas of special qualifications such as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves and Ramsar sites. The quantification of impacts using different tools showed a small number of moderately impacted MPAs (SQGq = 13 MPAs, ERL/ERM = 0 MPAs, OSPAR = 5 MPAs). On the other hand, the majority of the affected areas had low (SQGq = 25 MPAs, ERL/ERM = 29 MPAs, OSPAR =5 MPAs) absent (SQGq = 17 MPAs, ERL/ERM = 6 MPAs, OSPAR =28 MPAs). Mixed sources (petrogenic and pyrolytic) were the main sources of contamination in the analyzed MPAs, being attributed mainly to the proximity of port and industrial enterprises or large urban densities. Given the existence of more than 255.000 protected areas around the world, monitoring studies assessing the wide range of contaminants that could potentially affect their conservation objectives is not feasible. In this regard, the approach used in the present study has proved to be a valuable and useful tool for comprehensively analyzing chemical impacts on MPAs worldwide. In addition, the most vulnerable have been identified. Therefore, it is strongly suggested to use this tool to assess impacts of other contaminants that may threaten MPAs. Such a suggestion is even more pertinent, assuming that mixtures of different contaminants may be present within these areas even causing environmental damages not yet measured
The creation and expansion of the global system of Protected Areas (PAs) are tools implemented worldwide in order to reduce biodiversity loss. This strategy corresponds to the 11thAichii Goal, set during the 10th Convention on Biological Diversity (COP-10). The convention stipulates that by 2020 at least 10% of marine and coastal areas should be conserved through the creation of PAs. Although contamination and pollution are among the main contemporary threats to biodiversity, few studies have been performed assessing their impacts within marine protected areas (MPAs). The present study was based on a metanalytic study from data available in the literature in order to investigate if marine protected areas from the Latin American coast are threatened by HPA contamination. According to results, 1216 records were reported in the coastal zones of 9 countries. Among them, 341 were distribute in 36 Marine Protected Areas (MPA). The MPAs were classified in different caterogies according to the IUCN, as well as areas of special qualifications such as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves and Ramsar sites. The quantification of impacts using different tools showed a small number of moderately impacted MPAs (SQGq = 13 MPAs, ERL/ERM = 0 MPAs, OSPAR = 5 MPAs). On the other hand, the majority of the affected areas had low (SQGq = 25 MPAs, ERL/ERM = 29 MPAs, OSPAR =5 MPAs) absent (SQGq = 17 MPAs, ERL/ERM = 6 MPAs, OSPAR =28 MPAs). Mixed sources (petrogenic and pyrolytic) were the main sources of contamination in the analyzed MPAs, being attributed mainly to the proximity of port and industrial enterprises or large urban densities. Given the existence of more than 255.000 protected areas around the world, monitoring studies assessing the wide range of contaminants that could potentially affect their conservation objectives is not feasible. In this regard, the approach used in the present study has proved to be a valuable and useful tool for comprehensively analyzing chemical impacts on MPAs worldwide. In addition, the most vulnerable have been identified. Therefore, it is strongly suggested to use this tool to assess impacts of other contaminants that may threaten MPAs. Such a suggestion is even more pertinent, assuming that mixtures of different contaminants may be present within these areas even causing environmental damages not yet measured
Descrição
Citação
NUNES, Beatriz.Zachello. Áreas marinhas protegidas da América Latina sob ameaça de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos. 2019. 103f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biodiversidade e Ecologia Marinha e Costeira) - Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 2019.