Toxicidade de contaminantes lixiviados de bituca de cigarro em ambiente marinho
Data
2022-02-07
Autores
Mandelli, Wanessa Gentil 
Orientadores
Moreira, Lucas Buruaem
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
As bitucas de cigarro (BC) são o lixo mais frequente nas praias do mundo e o seu descarte incorreto leva a um quadro de contaminação pelos filtros fumados, incluindo às substâncias tóxicas que são associadas a este resíduo. Ao entrar em contato com a água, as bitucas podem liberar contaminantes gerados pela queima do cigarro, e que podem ter seu potencial tóxico aumentado. Agrotóxicos, pesticidas, conservantes além de compostos nitrogenados gerados durante o cultivo do tabaco e da própria fabricação dos cigarros são os compostos mais relevantes e não existem valores máximos legais de adição de produtos ou aditivos químicos. O presente estudo consiste em dois objetivos, sendo o primeiro fornecer informações ecotoxicológicas dos contaminantes presentes em lixiviados das BC, enquanto o segundo é avaliar a toxicidade dos lixiviados sobre invertebrados marinhos, ambos num contexto de Avaliação de Risco Ecológico (ARE). Para o primeiro objetivo, dados de efeitos tóxicos para organismos aquáticos (marinhos e dulcícolas) foram obtidos através da base de dados de toxicidade da agência ambiental Norte-americana EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), e curvas de sensibilidade de espécies (SSD) foram construídas para obtenção das concentrações preditivas de efeito sobre 10% da comunidade hipotética (EC10). Como resultado, as substâncias mais tóxicas para os ambientes dulcícolas foram os HPAs benzo(a)antraceno, benzo(a)pireno, acenafteno e fluoreno, o Pb e a nicotina. Já para ambientes marinhos, os HPAs mais tóxicos foram o benzo(a)pireno, acenafteno, fluoreno e naftaleno, além do Cu, Pb, Cd. No segundo objetivo, foram determinados efeitos agudos e crônicos de lixiviados da bituca de cigarro sobre os crustáceos Artemia sp., Tiburonella viscana e Tisbe biminiensis e para larvas dos echinozoas Echinometra lucunter e Mellita quinquiesperforata, através de testes de toxicidade de fase líquida, para a produção da SSD e EC10. Níveis de efeito para a 50% dos organismos testados foram estimados como métrica de toxicidade (CL50 para efeitos agudos e EC50 para os crônicos). Como resultado, os testes em meio aquoso apresentaram CL50 de 3,79% para E. lucunter, 1,36% para M. quinquiesperforata, 0,95% para T. viscana e EC50 de 0,94% para T. biminiensis. Com base na SSD foi possível observar que a partir de 0,004 BC.L-1 os efeitos tóxicos na comunidade aquática já podem ocorrer. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo contribuam para o avanço do conhecimento sobre a contaminação de ambientes costeiros por BC, bem como riscos ecológicos associados à sua toxicidade.
Cigarette butts (BC) are the most common litter on beaches around the world and their incorrect disposal leads to contamination by smoked filters, including their associated toxic substances. Once released in water, the BCs can release contaminants generated by the burning of cigarettes, which can have their toxic potential increased. Pesticides, preservatives in addition to nitrogen compounds generated during tobacco cultivation and cigarette manufacturing are the most relevant compounds and there are no guideline values for these chemicals or additives. The present study consists of two objectives: first one is to provide ecotoxicological information on the contaminants present in BC leachates, while the second is to evaluate the toxicity of BC leachates on marine invertebrates, both in an Ecological Risk Assessment (ARE) context. For the first objective, data on toxic effects for aquatic organisms (marine and freshwater) were obtained from the toxicity database of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and species sensitivity distribution (SSD) were constructed to produce predictive concentrations of effect over 10% of the communities (EC10). As a result, the most toxic substances for freshwater environments were benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, acenaphthene and fluorene, Pb and nicotine. For marine environments, the most toxic chemicals were benzo(a)pyrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene, Cu, Pb, and Cd. In the second objective, acute and chronic effects of BC leachates on the crustaceans Artemia sp., Tiburonella viscana and Tisbe biminiensis and on larvae of the echinozoa Echinometra lucunter and Mellita quinquiesperforata were determined through liquid phase exposures. Effect levels for 50% of the organisms tested were estimated as a toxicity metric (LC50 for acute effects and EC50 for chronic ones). Results produced an LC50 of 0.95% for T. viscana, and an EC50 of 0.94% for T. biminiensis, 1.36% for M. quinquiesperforata, and 3.79% for E. lucunter. Based on the SSD results (EC10), it was possible to determine a threshold value of 0.004 BC.L-1 , in which toxic effects on the aquatic biota can already occur. The results of this study contribute to the advancement of knowledge about the contamination, toxicity, and ecological risks of BCs in coastal environments
Cigarette butts (BC) are the most common litter on beaches around the world and their incorrect disposal leads to contamination by smoked filters, including their associated toxic substances. Once released in water, the BCs can release contaminants generated by the burning of cigarettes, which can have their toxic potential increased. Pesticides, preservatives in addition to nitrogen compounds generated during tobacco cultivation and cigarette manufacturing are the most relevant compounds and there are no guideline values for these chemicals or additives. The present study consists of two objectives: first one is to provide ecotoxicological information on the contaminants present in BC leachates, while the second is to evaluate the toxicity of BC leachates on marine invertebrates, both in an Ecological Risk Assessment (ARE) context. For the first objective, data on toxic effects for aquatic organisms (marine and freshwater) were obtained from the toxicity database of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and species sensitivity distribution (SSD) were constructed to produce predictive concentrations of effect over 10% of the communities (EC10). As a result, the most toxic substances for freshwater environments were benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, acenaphthene and fluorene, Pb and nicotine. For marine environments, the most toxic chemicals were benzo(a)pyrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene, Cu, Pb, and Cd. In the second objective, acute and chronic effects of BC leachates on the crustaceans Artemia sp., Tiburonella viscana and Tisbe biminiensis and on larvae of the echinozoa Echinometra lucunter and Mellita quinquiesperforata were determined through liquid phase exposures. Effect levels for 50% of the organisms tested were estimated as a toxicity metric (LC50 for acute effects and EC50 for chronic ones). Results produced an LC50 of 0.95% for T. viscana, and an EC50 of 0.94% for T. biminiensis, 1.36% for M. quinquiesperforata, and 3.79% for E. lucunter. Based on the SSD results (EC10), it was possible to determine a threshold value of 0.004 BC.L-1 , in which toxic effects on the aquatic biota can already occur. The results of this study contribute to the advancement of knowledge about the contamination, toxicity, and ecological risks of BCs in coastal environments
Descrição
Citação
MANDELLI, Wanessa Gentil. Toxicidade de contaminantes lixiviados de bituca de cigarro em ambiente marinho. 2022. 45 f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (Graduação em Bacharelado Interdisciplinar em Ciência e Tecnologia do Mar) - Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 2022.