Antropometria, desempenho físico e esportivo de atletas jovens com deficiência física
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Data
2024-03-25
Autores
Lima-Trigo, Elke [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Winckler, Ciro [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Tese de doutorado
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Resumo
A caracterização do perfil antropométrico e desempenho físico de atletas jovens com deficiência física é crucial para o acompanhamento do crescimento e para o desenvolvimento esportivo adequado. No entanto, há uma lacuna significativa de informações nesse campo, incluindo o estudo do desempenho esportivo e classificação de atletas jovens nas modalidades paralímpicas. Assim esta tese foi organizada em três artigos com os seguintes objetivos: identificar valores antropométricos de jovens com deficiência física; elaborar equações preditoras do desempenho físico com base no perfil antropométrico de atletas jovens com deficiência física; analisar o desempenho esportivo na Paranatação entre classes, e elaborar equações preditoras de desempenho a partir de medidas antropométricas e desempenho físico. A amostra foi composta por participantes das Paralimpíadas Escolares dos anos de 2018, 2019 e 2021, foram 674 atletas com idade de 12 a 18 anos. As medidas antropométricas realizadas foram: massa corporal; estatura; índice de massa corporal (IMC); envergadura, estatura tronco-cefálica (ETC); e tamanho da mão (TM). O desempenho físico foi avaliado nos testes de força de preensão manual (FPM), arremesso de medicinebol (AM), salto squat (SJ) e salto com contra movimento (CMJ), e velocidade de deslocamento com a corrida de 30 m ambulante (30m) e usuário de cadeira de rodas (30mCR). E a avaliação de desempenho esportivo na Paranatação foi feita a partir do tempo na prova de 50m nado livre, foram 250 tempos. Os dados antropométricos de massa, estatura e IMC foram apresentados no artigo 1 em gráficos percentílicos (3, 15, 50, 85, 97). A massa corporal e estatura apresentaram aumento do P50 da variável com o avanço da idade, a variabilidade foi maior nos percentis extremos, reflexo das diferentes etiologias da deficiência física. O IMC e envergadura não obtiveram alteração significativa com a idade. Após a análise de regressão múltipla, no artigo 2, a equação com melhor valor preditivo do desempenho físico com base na idade, sexo e antropometria, foi para FPM (r2=0,539, p<0,001). Descritivamente, as variáveis de força e potência muscular foram maiores para o sexo masculino, e aumentam com a faixa etária. Tais variáveis podem ser estimadas a partir das medidas antropométricas, o mesmo não ocorre para velocidade de deslocamento, sua avaliação deve considerar outras variáveis. Para o estudo 3 da Paranatação o sexo masculino obteve melhor tempo de prova que o feminino, 53,9s (+27,0s) e 60,6s (+29,6s) respectivamente, mas não houve diferença conforme a faixa etária. A análise de covariância não indicou diferença de desempenho da classe S6 até a S10, quando considerado os 3 melhores tempos de cada classe. Este grupo foi o que apresentou melhores equações para predição do desempenho, com base no sexo, classe, massa corporal, estatura e AM (r2=0,97), e a outra com sexo, classe, estatura e SJ (r2=0,981). Valores de referência para o crescimento físico são necessários para o adequado acompanhamento de jovens com deficiência física. Sendo possível utilizar dados antropométricos para predizer e avaliar o desempenho físico de força e potência muscular. Na Paranatação as medidas antropométricas e físicas podem auxiliar na avaliação do desempenho, mas deve-se observar as características do atleta decorrente da deficiência para escolha dos testes e equações preditoras. Assim como reavaliar o processo de classificação esportiva para garantir a diferença entre classes, e equidade intraclasse para atletas jovens. Espera-se com os dados apresentados contribuir para a avaliação do crescimento, desempenho físico e esportivo de atletas jovens com deficiência física, além de incentivar à iniciação esportiva e desenvolvimento do talento esportivo.
The characterisation of anthropometric profile and physical performance of young athletes with physical impairment is crucial for monitoring proper growth and sporting development. However, there is a significant gap in information in this field, including the study of sports performance and classification of young athletes in Paralympic sports. Thus, this thesis was organised into three papers with the following objectives: to identify anthropometric values of young people with physical impairment; to develop predictor equations of physical performance based on the anthropometric profile of young athletes with physical impairment; to analyse sports performance in Para swimming across classes, and to develop predictor equations of performance based on anthropometric measures and physical performance. The sample consisted of participants from the Brazilian School Paralympics Games of the years 2018, 2019, and 2021, totalling 674 athletes aged 12 to 18 years. The anthropometric measurements performed were: body mass; height; body mass index (BMI); wingspan; trunk-cephalic height (TCH); and hand size (HS). Physical performance was assessed through handgrip strength tests (HST), medicine ball throw (MBT), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ), as well as speed of movement with the 30-meter run of walking (30m) and wheelchair user (30mWS). Additionally, sports performance evaluation in para-swimming was based on the time taken for the 50-meter freestyle race, comprising 250 times. Anthropometric data for mass, height, and BMI were presented in percentile graphs (3, 15, 50, 85, 97) in paper 1. The body mass and height showed an increase in the P50 of the variable with advancing age, with greater variability in extreme percentiles, reflecting the different etiologies of physical disability. BMI and wingspan did not show significant changes with age. After multiple regression analysis, in paper 2, the equation with the best predictive value for physical performance based on age, sex, and anthropometry was for HGS (r2=0.539, p<0.001). Descriptively, strength and muscle power variables were higher for males and increased with age. These variables can be estimated from anthropometric measurements, unlike running speed, which should consider other variables in its assessment. For paper 3 on Para swimming, males had better sport performance than females, 53.9s (+27.0s) and 60.6s (+29.6s) respectively, but there was no difference by age groups. Covariance analysis did not indicate a performance difference from sport class S6 to S10, when considering the top 3 times from each class. This group showed the best equations for performance prediction based on sex, class, body mass, height, and MBT (r2=0.97), and another with sex, class, height, and SJ (r2=0.981). Reference values for physical growth are necessary for proper monitoring of young people with physical impairment. Anthropometric data can be used to predict and evaluate strength and muscle power physical performance. In Para swimming, anthropometric and physical measures can assist in performance evaluation, but athlete characteristics resulting from the disability should be considered when choosing tests and predicting equations. Similarly, the sports classification process should be re-evaluated to ensure differences between sport classes and intra-class equity for young athletes. It is hoped that the data presented will contribute to the evaluation of growth, physical, and sports performance of young athletes with physical disabilities, as well as encourage sports initiation and talent development.
The characterisation of anthropometric profile and physical performance of young athletes with physical impairment is crucial for monitoring proper growth and sporting development. However, there is a significant gap in information in this field, including the study of sports performance and classification of young athletes in Paralympic sports. Thus, this thesis was organised into three papers with the following objectives: to identify anthropometric values of young people with physical impairment; to develop predictor equations of physical performance based on the anthropometric profile of young athletes with physical impairment; to analyse sports performance in Para swimming across classes, and to develop predictor equations of performance based on anthropometric measures and physical performance. The sample consisted of participants from the Brazilian School Paralympics Games of the years 2018, 2019, and 2021, totalling 674 athletes aged 12 to 18 years. The anthropometric measurements performed were: body mass; height; body mass index (BMI); wingspan; trunk-cephalic height (TCH); and hand size (HS). Physical performance was assessed through handgrip strength tests (HST), medicine ball throw (MBT), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ), as well as speed of movement with the 30-meter run of walking (30m) and wheelchair user (30mWS). Additionally, sports performance evaluation in para-swimming was based on the time taken for the 50-meter freestyle race, comprising 250 times. Anthropometric data for mass, height, and BMI were presented in percentile graphs (3, 15, 50, 85, 97) in paper 1. The body mass and height showed an increase in the P50 of the variable with advancing age, with greater variability in extreme percentiles, reflecting the different etiologies of physical disability. BMI and wingspan did not show significant changes with age. After multiple regression analysis, in paper 2, the equation with the best predictive value for physical performance based on age, sex, and anthropometry was for HGS (r2=0.539, p<0.001). Descriptively, strength and muscle power variables were higher for males and increased with age. These variables can be estimated from anthropometric measurements, unlike running speed, which should consider other variables in its assessment. For paper 3 on Para swimming, males had better sport performance than females, 53.9s (+27.0s) and 60.6s (+29.6s) respectively, but there was no difference by age groups. Covariance analysis did not indicate a performance difference from sport class S6 to S10, when considering the top 3 times from each class. This group showed the best equations for performance prediction based on sex, class, body mass, height, and MBT (r2=0.97), and another with sex, class, height, and SJ (r2=0.981). Reference values for physical growth are necessary for proper monitoring of young people with physical impairment. Anthropometric data can be used to predict and evaluate strength and muscle power physical performance. In Para swimming, anthropometric and physical measures can assist in performance evaluation, but athlete characteristics resulting from the disability should be considered when choosing tests and predicting equations. Similarly, the sports classification process should be re-evaluated to ensure differences between sport classes and intra-class equity for young athletes. It is hoped that the data presented will contribute to the evaluation of growth, physical, and sports performance of young athletes with physical disabilities, as well as encourage sports initiation and talent development.
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Citação
LIMA-TRIGO, Elke. Antropometria, desempenho físico e esportivo de atletas jovens com deficiência física. 2024. 126 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências do Movimento Humano e Reabilitação) - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Santos, 2024.