COVID-19 e coinfecções fúngicas
Data
2022-02-11
Autores
Bustamante, Karen Beatriz Rodrigues 
Orientadores
Loures, Flávio Vieira
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
A pandemia de COVID-19, doença associada ao vírus SARS-CoV-2, emergiu em 2020 e colocou o mundo em uma grave crise sanitária. Caracterizada por gerar uma resposta imunológica inflamatória exacerbada, a COVID-19 pode se tornar uma doença gravíssima. Devido a isto, o número de hospitalizações em leitos de enfermaria e UTI também aumentou consideravelmente e com isso, emergiu também a necessidade de procedimentos invasivos, como ventilação mecânica, nutrição parenteral, uso de cateteres intravenosos, dentre outros, o que pode ser considerado como fator de risco para o estabelecimento de outras enfermidades. Isto aliado a comorbidades como diabetes mellitus, hipertensão, doenças cardíacas, obesidade e quadros de imunossupressão coloca os pacientes de COVID-19 em uma situação de risco maior, possibilitando que estes pacientes tenham uma abertura maior para coinfecções. Micoses invasivas são muito comuns em ambiente hospitalar e se aproveitam de momentos de fragilidade do sistema imune do hospedeiro para invadir e gerar um quadro patológico de alta letalidade. Já as micoses primárias, como a paracoccidioidomicose (PCM), são capazes de se desenvolver em hospedeiro saudável, levando a um quadro grave e até mesmo necessidade de hospitalização, neste caso possibilitando infecções por SARS-CoV-2 no ambiente hospitalar. Diante deste cenário, foram levantados e aqui descritos, através de revisão da literatura, dados acerca de coinfecções fúngicas primárias e invasivas, sendo elas a PCM, aspergilose, candidíase, criptococose e a mucormicose, em pacientes com COVID-19. Dados sobre métodos de diagnóstico, tratamento, e mortalidade destas coinfecções também foram analisados. Foi observada a incidência de coinfecções fúngicas em diversos países, e sua alta letalidade. Isto reforça a necessidade de medidas profiláticas como vacinação em massa da população, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, distanciamento social, e políticas públicas para contenção da COVID-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic, an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged as a worldwide pandemic in 2020. Characterized as an acute respiratory disease causing an exacerbated inflammatory immune response, COVID-19 can become a very serious illness. Due to this, the number of hospital bed occupancy and ICU (intensive care unit) occupancy has also increased substantially, and with it the need for invasive procedures, such as mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition and use of other intravenous catheters, which increases considerably the risk of development of other conditions and illnesses. Combined with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and immunosuppression, these comorbidities put COVID-19 patients in a high risk situation, in which patients have a higher rate of co-infections. Invasive mycoses are very common in a hospital environment and take advantage of the host's weakened immune system to invade and give room to highly lethal pathological conditions. Primary mycoses such as pacoccidioidomycosis (PCM) can additionally develop in healthy hosts, leading to severe conditions and even hospitalization, which could increase vulnerability to contracting COVID-19. Due to this the presente work presentes and describes data related to primary and invasive fungal co-infections such as PCM, aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19, and data related to methods of diagnosis, treatment and mortality of these co-infections were collected through a literature review. Fungal co-infections were all around the world and its high letality, which reinforces the necessity of prophylactic measures such as mass vaccination, use of personal hygiene equipment such as masks not only in the hospital environment, social distancing, and government efforts to contain COVID-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic, an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged as a worldwide pandemic in 2020. Characterized as an acute respiratory disease causing an exacerbated inflammatory immune response, COVID-19 can become a very serious illness. Due to this, the number of hospital bed occupancy and ICU (intensive care unit) occupancy has also increased substantially, and with it the need for invasive procedures, such as mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition and use of other intravenous catheters, which increases considerably the risk of development of other conditions and illnesses. Combined with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and immunosuppression, these comorbidities put COVID-19 patients in a high risk situation, in which patients have a higher rate of co-infections. Invasive mycoses are very common in a hospital environment and take advantage of the host's weakened immune system to invade and give room to highly lethal pathological conditions. Primary mycoses such as pacoccidioidomycosis (PCM) can additionally develop in healthy hosts, leading to severe conditions and even hospitalization, which could increase vulnerability to contracting COVID-19. Due to this the presente work presentes and describes data related to primary and invasive fungal co-infections such as PCM, aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19, and data related to methods of diagnosis, treatment and mortality of these co-infections were collected through a literature review. Fungal co-infections were all around the world and its high letality, which reinforces the necessity of prophylactic measures such as mass vaccination, use of personal hygiene equipment such as masks not only in the hospital environment, social distancing, and government efforts to contain COVID-19.