Da notícia à fake news: uma análise das estratégias de retextualização
Data
2023-02-27
Autores
Figueiredo, Débora Nascimento 
Orientadores
Elias, Vanda Maria da Silva
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Esta pesquisa apresenta como tema um estudo sobre o processo de retextualização referente à transformação de uma notícia em fake news e é orientada pela seguinte questão: Quais estratégias de retextualização são utilizadas na transformação de uma notícia em fake news? Considerando esse questionamento, define-se como objetivo da pesquisa identificar, analisar e discutir estratégias de retextualização que respondem pela transformação de uma notícia em fake news, com vistas a contribuir para a ampliação dos estudos existentes sobre retextualização, particularmente da escrita para a escrita. Teoricamente, fundamenta-se em estudos do texto e da retextualização como os desenvolvidos no campo da Linguística Textual de base sociocognitivo-interacional por Marcuschi (2008; 2012 [1983]) e Koch (2003 [1997]). Também compõem a base teórica da investigação estudos sobre fake news, como os desenvolvidos por Alcott e Gentzkow (2017), que as definem como uma produção que tem o objetivo de ser falsa e enganar os leitores; de Wardle e Derakhshan (2019), que as classificam em sete diferentes tipos; de Pinheiro (2021), que as focaliza em seu processo de produção e disseminação em redes sociais; e de Garcia (2018), que as considera como informações falsas produzidas com características semelhantes às das notícias com o objetivo de se obter ganhos políticos ou financeiros por meio de sua difusão deliberada. Para tratar das fake news no âmbito das tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação, adotam-se os trabalhos de Ireton (2019) e de Posetti (2019), e no âmbito da pandemia de Covid-19, particularmente, os estudos de Zattar (2020) e de Galhardi e Minayo (2020). O corpus é formado por três fake news, disseminadas entre agosto de 2020 e março de 2021, e as respectivas notícias correspondentes sobre o tema da pandemia de Covid-19. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a substituição, o acréscimo, a repetição e a eliminação se destacam como estratégias na atividade dos retextualizadores que produzem fake news tendo a notícia como texto-base.
This research presents a study on the retextualization process concerning the transformation of news into fake news. The guiding question of this research is: What retextualization strategies are used in the transformation of news into fake news? Considering this question, the objective of the research is to identify, analyze, and discuss retextualization strategies that account for the transformation of news into fake news, with a view to contributing to the expansion of existing studies on retextualization, particularly from writing to writing. The theoretical foundation is based on studies of text and retextualization, as developed in the field of sociocognitive-interactional-based textual linguistics by Marcuschi (2008; 2012 [1983]) and Koch (2003 [1997]). Studies on fake news also form the theoretical basis of the investigation, such as those developed by Alcott and Gentzkow (2017), which define fake news as a production that aims to be false and deceive readers; Wardle and Derakhshan (2019), who classify them into seven different types; Pinheiro (2021), who focuses on their production and dissemination process on social networks; and Garcia (2018), who considers them as false information produced with characteristics similar to those of news with the aim of obtaining political or financial gains through their deliberate diffusion. To address fake news in the context of digital information and communication technologies, the works of Ireton (2019) and Posetti (2019) are adopted, and in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly the studies of Zattar (2020) and Galhardi and Minayo (2020). The corpus consists of three fake news disseminated between August 2020 and March 2021, and the respective corresponding news on the topic of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results obtained indicate that substitution, addition, repetition, and elimination stand out as strategies in the activity of retextualizers who produce fake news based on news as the text-base.
This research presents a study on the retextualization process concerning the transformation of news into fake news. The guiding question of this research is: What retextualization strategies are used in the transformation of news into fake news? Considering this question, the objective of the research is to identify, analyze, and discuss retextualization strategies that account for the transformation of news into fake news, with a view to contributing to the expansion of existing studies on retextualization, particularly from writing to writing. The theoretical foundation is based on studies of text and retextualization, as developed in the field of sociocognitive-interactional-based textual linguistics by Marcuschi (2008; 2012 [1983]) and Koch (2003 [1997]). Studies on fake news also form the theoretical basis of the investigation, such as those developed by Alcott and Gentzkow (2017), which define fake news as a production that aims to be false and deceive readers; Wardle and Derakhshan (2019), who classify them into seven different types; Pinheiro (2021), who focuses on their production and dissemination process on social networks; and Garcia (2018), who considers them as false information produced with characteristics similar to those of news with the aim of obtaining political or financial gains through their deliberate diffusion. To address fake news in the context of digital information and communication technologies, the works of Ireton (2019) and Posetti (2019) are adopted, and in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly the studies of Zattar (2020) and Galhardi and Minayo (2020). The corpus consists of three fake news disseminated between August 2020 and March 2021, and the respective corresponding news on the topic of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results obtained indicate that substitution, addition, repetition, and elimination stand out as strategies in the activity of retextualizers who produce fake news based on news as the text-base.