Memória operacional para tons, palavras e pseudopalavras em músicos
Arquivos
Data
2008-02-27
Autores
Benassi-Werke, Mariana Elisa 
Orientadores
Oliveira, Maria Gabriela Menezes de
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Segundo o modelo de memória operacional de Baddeley e Hitch (1974), a alça fonológica é um subsistema de armazenamento temporário, necessário para a recordação de curto prazo de material verbal, ao passo que o executivo central é um sistema responsável por manipular estas informações. O armazenamento de seqüências verbais pode depender do tamanho e similaridade fonológica das palavras e contexto semântico no qual as palavras se inserem. Há controvérsias acerca de como se dá o armazenamento e manipulação de material melódico na memória operacional. Este trabalho pretendeu investigar se a memória operacional é capaz de lidar igualmente com sons verbais (números e pseudopalavras) e não-verbais (tons) e, com isso, verificar se o executivo central manipula de forma semelhante estes três tipos de material através da comparação do teste de amplitude, na ordem direta e inversa, para dígitos, pseudopalavras e tons em três grupos: cantores amadores, cantores profissionais e músicos com ouvido absoluto. Na ordem inversa, a amplitude melódica foi menor que a amplitude para material verbal, com ou sem significado, o que sugere que material melódico tem características diferentes do material verbal, pois a manipulação de seqüências melódicas na memória operacional foi mais difícil do que a manipulação de seqüências verbais para os três grupos experimentais. Porém, quando há a utilização de estratégias verbais ou mistas (verbal e qualquer outra) para a recordação dos tons, ocorre um aumento na amplitude melódica na ordem direta no grupo de ouvido absoluto, indicando que a associação de códigos verbais aos tons pode ajudar na evocação. Porém, não há aumento de amplitude melódica na ordem inversa, possivelmente pelo uso de outra estratégia diferente da estratégia verbal neste caso. Os resultados ainda não permitem afirmar a existência de uma alça exclusiva para material melódico, mas dão suporte à necessidade de se caracterizar melhor as condições em que seqüências melódicas são armazenadas e manipuladas na memória operacional.
According to the working memory model proposed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974), the phonological loop is a temporary storage subsystem, needed for verbal material short term recall, while central executive is a system responsible for manipulating that kind of information. The storage of speech-related sequences may depend on the length (in number of syllables), phonological similarity of words and semantic context they are inserted into. There are controversies about how the storage and manipulation of melodic material is made in working memory. This study intended to investigate whether working memory can deal in the same way with verbal sounds (numbers and pseudowords) and non-verbal sounds (tones) and, thus, verify whether the central executive manipulates similarly those three kinds of material by comparing forward and backward span tests for digits, pseudowords and tones of three groups: amateur singers, professional singers and absolute pitch musicians. We found that backward melodic span was lower than backward verbal span, meaningful or meaningless, suggesting that melodic material has different characteristics from verbal material, since manipulation of melodic sequences in working memory was harder for all three experimental groups. However, in absolute pitch group, when one uses purely verbal or mixed (verbal and any other) strategies for tones recall, there is an increase in forward melodic span, indicating that verbal association to tones may help evocation. But there is no increase in backward melodic span, probably because absolute pitch musicians used some other strategy different from the verbal one (used in forward recall) to recall tones in backward. Although those results do not allow us to affirm the existence of an exclusive loop for melodic material, they give support the need of further investigation to better characterize melodic material storage and its manipulation in working memory.
According to the working memory model proposed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974), the phonological loop is a temporary storage subsystem, needed for verbal material short term recall, while central executive is a system responsible for manipulating that kind of information. The storage of speech-related sequences may depend on the length (in number of syllables), phonological similarity of words and semantic context they are inserted into. There are controversies about how the storage and manipulation of melodic material is made in working memory. This study intended to investigate whether working memory can deal in the same way with verbal sounds (numbers and pseudowords) and non-verbal sounds (tones) and, thus, verify whether the central executive manipulates similarly those three kinds of material by comparing forward and backward span tests for digits, pseudowords and tones of three groups: amateur singers, professional singers and absolute pitch musicians. We found that backward melodic span was lower than backward verbal span, meaningful or meaningless, suggesting that melodic material has different characteristics from verbal material, since manipulation of melodic sequences in working memory was harder for all three experimental groups. However, in absolute pitch group, when one uses purely verbal or mixed (verbal and any other) strategies for tones recall, there is an increase in forward melodic span, indicating that verbal association to tones may help evocation. But there is no increase in backward melodic span, probably because absolute pitch musicians used some other strategy different from the verbal one (used in forward recall) to recall tones in backward. Although those results do not allow us to affirm the existence of an exclusive loop for melodic material, they give support the need of further investigation to better characterize melodic material storage and its manipulation in working memory.
Descrição
Citação
BENASSI-WERKE, Mariana Elisa. Memoria operacional para tons, palavras e pseudopalavras em músicos . 2008. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 2008.