Dependência de exercício físico: efeito do exercício físico agudo realizado em diferentes intensidades no humor de atletas
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Data
2011-01-26
Autores
Modolo, Vladimir Bonilha [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Mello, Marco Tulio de [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
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Introdução: Hoje em dia existe uma tendência que aponta para uma correlação positiva entre a prática regular de exercícios físicos e estados de saúde física, sugerindo existir um efeito positivo na prevenção de algumas doenças. Ainda podemos observar outra linha de estudos que vem mostrando uma interação benéfica entre o exercício físico e seus efeitos psicológicos, como melhora na função cognitiva, no humor e influenciando positivamente a qualidade de vida de seus praticantes. Porém existe uma parcela de atletas que pode apresentar um comportamento de dependência por exercícios físicos, desencadeando sintomas de tolerância a esta atividade bem como crises de abstinência na falta desta prática. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do exercício físico agudo realizado até a exaustão voluntária máxima e na intensidade do limiar ventilatório 1 por 30 e 60 minutos nas respostas de humor e no bem estar de atletas dependentes de exercício físico além de observar se estas alterações no humor podem estar relacionadas com o tipo de exercício físico realizado. Método: O estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Hospital São Paulo (#0408/09). Participaram deste estudo 19 voluntários, corredores, sendo todos hígidos, do gênero masculino e com idades entre 20 a 55 anos, selecionados inicialmente por uma avaliação feita através da Escala de Dependência de Exercício e separados por Dependentes e Não Dependentes de exercício físico. Ao serem inseridos no estudo, os voluntários foram submetidos a três protocolos de exercício físico: a) Teste de carga progressiva até a exaustão voluntária máxima; b) Teste em carga retangular na intensidade do Limiar ventilatório 1 realizado por 30 minutos; c) Teste em carga retangular na intensidade do Limiar ventilatório 1 realizado por 60 minutos. Para cada protocolo de exercício físico, os voluntários responderam a cinco instrumentos que avaliam o humor e aspectos de bem-estar, sendo eles: Escala de Humor de Brunel, Visual analogue of Mood Scale, Escala Subjetiva de Experiência em Exercício, IDATE (Traço e Estado) e Inventário Beck de Depressão. Essa avaliação foi realizada em diferentes momentos: Basal, imediatamente após, 30 e 60 minutos após o término dos protocolos. Resultados: Os atletas que compuseram os grupos apresentaram escore de 11±2 pontos obtido na Escala de Dependência de Exercícios, que foram chamados de “Dependentes” e escore de 2±2 pontos para o grupo chamado de “Não Dependente”, além destes resultados observamos que na ergoespirometria os grupos se mostraram homogêneos e as intensidades foram semelhantes e mantidas nos dois protocolos de carga retangular como era previsto. Além destes resultados os atletas não diferiam em seu perfil psicológico no momento basal quando avaliados pelo inventário BECK de Depressão e pelo Questionário IDATE Traço. Quando levamos em conta apenas as intensidades de exercício, os resultados do questionário SEES mostraram menores valores na variável fadiga nos momentos 30´ e 60´ após exercício físico nos protocolos de exercício máximo e 30 min. em LV1, e para variável bem estar positivo maiores valores foram observados somente no teste Max. Já para a variável distresse psicológico deste mesmo questionário, observamos menores valores no protocolo de teste Max e no protocolo de 30 min. em LV1 após o exercício físico. Para as varáveis observadas no questionário VAMS observamos após o exercício físico maiores valores de sedação física e sedação mental apenas no protocolo de exercício de 60 min. em LV1. Para o questionário BRUMS, observamos menores valores para a dimensão tensão, menores valores também para a dimensão raiva, maiores valores na dimensão vigor e menores escores para a variável fadiga principalmente nos protocolos de teste Max e 30min em LV1. Para as variáveis sanguíneas de lactato, cortisol e testosterona, os valores seguiram um padrão já descrito pela literatura o que garante as intensidades previstas para cada protocolo. Quando levamos em consideração ter ou não o sintoma de Dependência de Exercício, observamos maiores valores na variável fadiga avaliada pelo questionário SEES em todos os momentos do teste Max para o grupo Dependente, porém o comportamento de todas as variáveis de humor e bem estar se apresentam semelhantes, mas com certo grau de sensibilidade maior para o grupo Dependente de Exercício em todas as outras variáveis de todos os instrumentos de avaliação. Conclusão: Os resultados permitem concluir que exercícios de alta intensidade exercem maiores influências no padrão de humor de atletas quando comparados a exercícios de intensidade moderada, mas vale ressaltar que algumas variáveis propostas em nosso estudo, sofrem influência especificamente da duração do exercício (sedação física e sedação mental). Podemos citar também que existem diferenças na sensibilidade e na percepção das alterações do humor em atletas Dependentes de Exercício, e que para esta população cautela e direcionamento adequado para a prática de exercícios físicos se faz necessário.
Introduction: Actually there is a trend that points to a positive correlation between regular exercise and physical states of physical health, suggesting a positive effect in preventing some diseases. We can still observe other line of research that has shown a beneficial interaction between exercise and psychological effects, such as improvement in cognitive function, mood and positively influence the quality of life of its practitioners. But there is a portion of athletes who may have an addictive behavior by physical exercise, triggering symptoms of tolerance for this activity and withdrawal in the absence of this practice. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exercise performed until maximal voluntary exhaustion at ventilation threshold 1 (VT1) intensity for 30 and 60 minutes in the responses of mood and well being of athletes addicted to exercise and to observe whether these changes in mood may be related to the type of exercise performed. Methods: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo / Hospital Sao Paulo (# 0408/09). The participants were 19 volunteers, runners, all healthy, male and aged 20 to 55 years, initially selected by an evaluation made by Negative Addiction Scale and separated by dependent and independent exercise. When they entered the study, volunteers underwent three exercise protocols: a) progressive load test until voluntary exhaustion maximum b) Test in rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 30 minutes, c) Test rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 60 minutes. For each exercise protocol, subjects answered to five instruments used to assess mood and aspects of welfare, they are: Brunel Mood Scale, Visual Analogue Scale of Mood, Subjective Experience Scale Exercise, STAI (Trait State) and the Beck Depression Inventory. This evaluation was done at different times: basal, immediately after, 30 and 60 minutes after the end of the protocols. Results: The athletes who made up the groups had a score of 11 ± 2 points obtained in Exercise Dependence Scale, which were called "Dependent" and score of 2 ± 2 points for the group called "Non Dependent", and these results observed in ergospirometry groups were homogeneous and the intensities were similar and kept in the two protocols rectangular load, as expected. Besides these results, the athletes did not differ in their psychological profile at baseline when evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory and the STAI Trait Questionnaire. When we take into account only the intensity of exercise, the questionnaire results showed lower SEES in the variable fatigue in the 30 'and 60' after exercise in exercise protocols and maximum 30 min. in VT1, and variable positive wellbeing highest values were observed only in test Max To the variable psychological distress of the same questionnaire, we found lower values in the Max test protocol and the protocol of 30 min. in VT1 after exercise. For the observed variables in the questionnaire VAMS observed after exercise of higher mental sedation, physical sedation and only in the exercise protocol of 60 min. in VT1. For BRUMS questionnaire, we observed lower values for the voltage scale, lower values also for the anger scale, higher values in the force size and lower scores for the variable fatigue primarily in testing protocols and Max 30min at VT1. For the variables of blood lactate, cortisol and testosterone, the values followed a pattern already described in the literature which guarantees the intensities provided for each protocol. When we take into consideration whether or not the symptom of Exercise Dependence, we observed higher values in the variable fatigue assessed by questionnaire SEES at all times of testing for the group Max Dependent, but the pattern of all variables of mood and wellbeing are presented similar but with some degree of increased sensitivity to the Dependent Group Exercise for all other variables of all assessment instruments. Conclusion: The results suggest that high-intensity exercise exert major influences on the standard of athletes' mood when compared to moderate-intensity exercise, but it is worth noting that some proposed variables in our study, specifically influenced the duration of exercise (physical sedation and mental sedation). We also mention that there are differences in sensitivity and perception of mood changes in Dependent athletes, and that for this population and caution adequate direction for the physical exercise is necessary
Introduction: Actually there is a trend that points to a positive correlation between regular exercise and physical states of physical health, suggesting a positive effect in preventing some diseases. We can still observe other line of research that has shown a beneficial interaction between exercise and psychological effects, such as improvement in cognitive function, mood and positively influence the quality of life of its practitioners. But there is a portion of athletes who may have an addictive behavior by physical exercise, triggering symptoms of tolerance for this activity and withdrawal in the absence of this practice. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exercise performed until maximal voluntary exhaustion at ventilation threshold 1 (VT1) intensity for 30 and 60 minutes in the responses of mood and well being of athletes addicted to exercise and to observe whether these changes in mood may be related to the type of exercise performed. Methods: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo / Hospital Sao Paulo (# 0408/09). The participants were 19 volunteers, runners, all healthy, male and aged 20 to 55 years, initially selected by an evaluation made by Negative Addiction Scale and separated by dependent and independent exercise. When they entered the study, volunteers underwent three exercise protocols: a) progressive load test until voluntary exhaustion maximum b) Test in rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 30 minutes, c) Test rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 60 minutes. For each exercise protocol, subjects answered to five instruments used to assess mood and aspects of welfare, they are: Brunel Mood Scale, Visual Analogue Scale of Mood, Subjective Experience Scale Exercise, STAI (Trait State) and the Beck Depression Inventory. This evaluation was done at different times: basal, immediately after, 30 and 60 minutes after the end of the protocols. Results: The athletes who made up the groups had a score of 11 ± 2 points obtained in Exercise Dependence Scale, which were called "Dependent" and score of 2 ± 2 points for the group called "Non Dependent", and these results observed in ergospirometry groups were homogeneous and the intensities were similar and kept in the two protocols rectangular load, as expected. Besides these results, the athletes did not differ in their psychological profile at baseline when evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory and the STAI Trait Questionnaire. When we take into account only the intensity of exercise, the questionnaire results showed lower SEES in the variable fatigue in the 30 'and 60' after exercise in exercise protocols and maximum 30 min. in VT1, and variable positive wellbeing highest values were observed only in test Max To the variable psychological distress of the same questionnaire, we found lower values in the Max test protocol and the protocol of 30 min. in VT1 after exercise. For the observed variables in the questionnaire VAMS observed after exercise of higher mental sedation, physical sedation and only in the exercise protocol of 60 min. in VT1. For BRUMS questionnaire, we observed lower values for the voltage scale, lower values also for the anger scale, higher values in the force size and lower scores for the variable fatigue primarily in testing protocols and Max 30min at VT1. For the variables of blood lactate, cortisol and testosterone, the values followed a pattern already described in the literature which guarantees the intensities provided for each protocol. When we take into consideration whether or not the symptom of Exercise Dependence, we observed higher values in the variable fatigue assessed by questionnaire SEES at all times of testing for the group Max Dependent, but the pattern of all variables of mood and wellbeing are presented similar but with some degree of increased sensitivity to the Dependent Group Exercise for all other variables of all assessment instruments. Conclusion: The results suggest that high-intensity exercise exert major influences on the standard of athletes' mood when compared to moderate-intensity exercise, but it is worth noting that some proposed variables in our study, specifically influenced the duration of exercise (physical sedation and mental sedation). We also mention that there are differences in sensitivity and perception of mood changes in Dependent athletes, and that for this population and caution adequate direction for the physical exercise is necessary
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MODOLO, Vladimir Bonilha. Dependência de exercício físico: efeito do exercício físico agudo realizado em diferentes intensidades no humor de atletas. 2011. 117 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 2011.