Análise sistemática da remoção de microplásticos em estações de tratamento de águas residuárias
Data
2023-07-07
Autores
Santos, Mayara Ornelas 
Orientadores
Penteado, Eduardo Dellosso
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Uma das maiores ameaças ambientais atualmente é o microplástico, que é
composto por materiais de difícil degradação, e pode permanecer no ambiente por até
milhares de anos. Sua presença, já foi registrada em vários compartimentos
ambientais como o oceano, a água doce, o solo, a atmosfera e até em locais remotos
como o Ártico. Nos ambientes aquáticos esses resíduos são comumente encontrados
no trato digestórios de uma ampla quantidade de espécies, inclusive naquelas
direcionadas para o consumo humano. Um dos maiores responsáveis pelo transporte
desse poluente para esses ambientes é o lançamento de efluentes, uma vez que os
sistemas de tratamento de águas residuárias não são dimensionados considerando a
remoção de microplásticos, portanto, essa é uma fonte constante e massiva de
despejo diretamente em ambientes aquáticos no mundo todo. Os impactos do
microplástico vão desde a mortalidade de animais, até efeitos adversos na saúde
humana, principalmente causados pela adsorção de outros poluentes e pela presença
de aditivos químicos. Portanto, considerando a relevância dos impactos desse
poluente para a saúde humana e ambiental, o objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma
revisão sistemática de artigos sobre diferentes estações de tratamento de águas
residuárias (ETARs), seus processos de tratamento e suas eficiências de remoção do
microplástico. Para isso, realizou-se uma busca no Science Direct e no SCOPUS,
utilizando a metodologia PRISMA, com as palavras-chaves “microplastic” AND
“wastewater treatment” AND “removal”. A seleção dos artigos considerou parâmetros
como a coerência com a temática definida, a presença da eficiência de remoção de
microplásticos na ETAR, a apresentação dos processos de tratamento utilizados na
ETAR e o detalhamento da metodologia utilizada para quantificação dos
microplásticos. Os artigos selecionados foram analisados utilizando a ferramenta
Bibliometrix, as informações de eficiência de remoção de microplásticos e os
processos de tratamento das ETARs. A busca nas bases de dados resultou em 2095
artigos de pesquisa, que resultaram em 78 artigos elegíveis. A análise do Bibliometrix,
identificou que os artigos selecionados apresentaram parâmetros como 26 fontes
diferentes; taxa de crescimento anual de publicações de 48,6%; 391 autores; nenhum
artigo de autoria única; uma média de 5,59 autores por documento; e 25,64% de
documentos com colaborações internacionais. As análises de eficiência de remoção
de microplástico nas ETARs, mostrou que a planta de nível de tratamento preliminar
apresentou eficiência de remoção de 54,43%; as plantas que apresentam tratamento
máximo como sendo o secundário, teve como a menor porcentagem de remoção de
microplásticos sendo 44,55%; e as plantas com tratamento terciário, com as menores
porcentagens de remoção sendo 25,50%, 21,80% e 25,30%, e 48%. As eficiências de
remoção de microplásticos encontradas nos artigos selecionados por esse trabalho,
mostram que uma quantidade relevante de partículas é hoje lançada todos os dias em
corpos hídricos e no oceano, no mundo todo. Com o objetivo de mitigar os impactos
causados pelos microplásticos, é necessária a revisão dos processos de fabricação
desses materiais e dos tratamentos utilizados atualmente nas ETARs, para que estes
contaminantes sejam incluídos nas metas de remoção e em futuras regulamentações
One of the biggest environmental threats today is microplastics, which are composed of materials that are difficult to degrade and can remain in the environment for up to thousands of years. Their presence has been recorded in various environmental compartments such as the ocean, freshwater, soil, atmosphere, and even in remote locations such as the Arctic. In aquatic environments, these residues are commonly found in the digestive tracts of a wide range of species, including those destined for human consumption. One of the major contributors to the transport of this pollutant to these environments is the discharge of wastewater, as wastewater treatment systems are not designed to remove microplastics, so this is a constant and massive source of discharge directly into aquatic environments worldwide. The impacts of microplastics range from animal mortality to adverse effects on human health, mainly caused by the adsorption of other pollutants and the presence of chemical additives. Therefore, considering the relevance of the impacts of this pollutant on human and environmental health, the objective of this work was to perform a systematic review of articles about different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), their treatment processes, and their efficiencies in removing microplastic. For this, a search in Science Direct and SCOPUS was performed, using the PRISMA methodology, with the keywords "microplastic" AND "wastewater treatment" AND "removal". The selection of articles considered parameters such as consistency with the defined theme, the presence of microplastic removal efficiency in the WWTP, the presentation of the treatment processes used in the WWTP, and the detailing of the methodology used for the quantification of microplastics. The selected articles were analyzed using the Bibliometrix tool, the microplastic removal efficiency information, and the treatment processes of the WWTP. The database search yielded 2095 research articles, which resulted in 78 eligible articles. The Bibliometrix analysis identified that the selected articles presented parameters such as 26 different sources; annual publication growth rate of 48.6%; 391 authors; no single-authored articles; an average of 5.59 authors per paper; and 25.64% papers with international collaborations. The analyses of microplastic removal efficiencies in the WWTPs showed that the preliminary treatment level plant showed removal efficiencies of 54.43%; the plants that present maximum treatment as being secondary treatment, had the lowest percentage of microplastic removal being 44.55%; and the plants with tertiary treatment, with the lowest removal percentages being 25.50%, 21.80%, 25.30%, and 48%. The microplastic removal efficiencies found in the articles selected by this work show that a relevant amount of particles are nowadays discharged every day into water bodies and the ocean, worldwide. To mitigate the impacts caused by microplastics, it is necessary to review the manufacturing processes of these materials and the treatments currently used in WWTPs, so that these contaminants are included in the removal targets and future regulations.
One of the biggest environmental threats today is microplastics, which are composed of materials that are difficult to degrade and can remain in the environment for up to thousands of years. Their presence has been recorded in various environmental compartments such as the ocean, freshwater, soil, atmosphere, and even in remote locations such as the Arctic. In aquatic environments, these residues are commonly found in the digestive tracts of a wide range of species, including those destined for human consumption. One of the major contributors to the transport of this pollutant to these environments is the discharge of wastewater, as wastewater treatment systems are not designed to remove microplastics, so this is a constant and massive source of discharge directly into aquatic environments worldwide. The impacts of microplastics range from animal mortality to adverse effects on human health, mainly caused by the adsorption of other pollutants and the presence of chemical additives. Therefore, considering the relevance of the impacts of this pollutant on human and environmental health, the objective of this work was to perform a systematic review of articles about different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), their treatment processes, and their efficiencies in removing microplastic. For this, a search in Science Direct and SCOPUS was performed, using the PRISMA methodology, with the keywords "microplastic" AND "wastewater treatment" AND "removal". The selection of articles considered parameters such as consistency with the defined theme, the presence of microplastic removal efficiency in the WWTP, the presentation of the treatment processes used in the WWTP, and the detailing of the methodology used for the quantification of microplastics. The selected articles were analyzed using the Bibliometrix tool, the microplastic removal efficiency information, and the treatment processes of the WWTP. The database search yielded 2095 research articles, which resulted in 78 eligible articles. The Bibliometrix analysis identified that the selected articles presented parameters such as 26 different sources; annual publication growth rate of 48.6%; 391 authors; no single-authored articles; an average of 5.59 authors per paper; and 25.64% papers with international collaborations. The analyses of microplastic removal efficiencies in the WWTPs showed that the preliminary treatment level plant showed removal efficiencies of 54.43%; the plants that present maximum treatment as being secondary treatment, had the lowest percentage of microplastic removal being 44.55%; and the plants with tertiary treatment, with the lowest removal percentages being 25.50%, 21.80%, 25.30%, and 48%. The microplastic removal efficiencies found in the articles selected by this work show that a relevant amount of particles are nowadays discharged every day into water bodies and the ocean, worldwide. To mitigate the impacts caused by microplastics, it is necessary to review the manufacturing processes of these materials and the treatments currently used in WWTPs, so that these contaminants are included in the removal targets and future regulations.
Descrição
Citação
SANTOS, Mayara Ornelas dos. Análise sistemática da remoção de microplásticos em estações de tratamento de águas residuárias. 2023. 91 f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental) - Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 2023.