Cocaína em ambientes aquáticos marinhos: existe risco associado?
Data
2023-01-12
Autores
Silva, Jaqueline dos Reis 
Orientadores
Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
O presente estudo visa aplicar um modelo para avaliar o risco associado à
presença de cocaína (COC) em ambientes marinhos. Esta droga ilícita tem sido
encontrada em águas naturais, nas Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETAs) e nas
Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs). Alguns autores já comprovaram a sua
capacidade de bioacumulação e a sua toxicidade para organismos aquáticos.
Entretanto, esta substância não tem sido contemplada por programas de
monitoramento da qualidade d’água. O consumo de água e da fauna aquática são
exemplos de possíveis vias de introdução deste composto no metabolismo de seres
humanos, o que pode gerar um futuro problema de saúde pública. Por este motivo,
faz-se necessário mensurar o risco que este contaminante representa ao ecossistema
onde está presente, visando a criação de políticas públicas que regularizem os níveis
aceitáveis em ambientes marinhos. Para realização da avaliação de risco (ARA),
foram selecionados estudos que reportaram concentrações de COC na água pelo
mundo, sendo adotado o maior valor para cada localidade como a concentração
ambiental medida (MEC). Além disso, buscas sobre as concentrações de efeito
também foram efetuadas para definição da concentração ambiental prevista sem
efeito (PNEC), sendo seu valor dividido por um fator de avaliação (FA). O risco foi
caracterizado por meio do cálculo do quociente de risco (QR), ou seja, pela divisão da
MEC pela PNEC. A categorização do risco se deu segundo Hernando et al. (2006).
Os QRs da Baía de São Francisco- CA, Ilha de São Vicente- SP e no litoral de Santa
Catarina resultaram em valores abaixo de 0,01 (QR=0,00), o que indica que não são
esperados efeitos adversos se considerarmos o efeito isolado da COC nestes locais.
Na cidade do Guarujá- SP (QR=0,01) e na região de Rias Baixas (QR= 0,02), o risco
foi considerado baixo. Enquanto na Baía de Santos, o risco apresentou-se moderado
(QR=0,23). Somado a estes resultados, tem-se o fato da COC poder causar efeitos e
bioacumular mesmo em baixas concentrações. Estes dados indicam a necessidade
de criação de políticas públicas, que visem minimizar os efeitos da contaminação
marinha por COC, principalmente na Baía de Santos, onde o quociente foi mais
elevado.
The present study aims to apply a model to evaluate the risk associated with the presence of cocaine (COC) in marine environments. This illicit drug has been found in natural waters, in the Water Treatment Stations (WTSs) and in the Sewage Treatment Stations (STSs). Some authors have already proven its bioaccumulation capacity and its toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, this substance has not been contemplated by water quality monitoring programs. The water and aquatic fauna consumption are examples of possible routes of introduction of this compound in the metabolism of human beings, which may generate a future public health problem.To carry out the risk assessment (ARA), studies that reported COC concentrations in water around the world were selected, adopting the highest value for each location as the measured environmental concentration (MEC). In addition, searches on effect concentrations were also carried out to define the predicted no-effect environmental concentration (PNEC), its value was divided by an evaluation factor (AF). The risk was characterized by calculating the risk quotient (RQ), that is, by dividing the MEC by the PNEC. Risk categorization was performed according to Hernando et al. (2006). The RQs in Baía de São Francisco-CA, Ilha de São Vicente-SP and on the coast of Santa Catarina resulted in values below 0.01 (RQ=0.00), which indicates that no adverse effects are expected, if we consider the isolated effect of COC at these sites. In the city of Guarujá-SP (RQ=0.01) and in the Rias Baixas region (RQ=0.02), the risk was considered low. While in Baía de Santos- SP, the risk was moderate (RQ=0.23). Added to these results, there is the fact that COC can cause effects and bioaccumulate even at low concentrations. These data indicate the need to create public policies aimed at minimizing the effects of marine contamination by COC, mainly in Santos Bay, where the quotient was higher.
The present study aims to apply a model to evaluate the risk associated with the presence of cocaine (COC) in marine environments. This illicit drug has been found in natural waters, in the Water Treatment Stations (WTSs) and in the Sewage Treatment Stations (STSs). Some authors have already proven its bioaccumulation capacity and its toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, this substance has not been contemplated by water quality monitoring programs. The water and aquatic fauna consumption are examples of possible routes of introduction of this compound in the metabolism of human beings, which may generate a future public health problem.To carry out the risk assessment (ARA), studies that reported COC concentrations in water around the world were selected, adopting the highest value for each location as the measured environmental concentration (MEC). In addition, searches on effect concentrations were also carried out to define the predicted no-effect environmental concentration (PNEC), its value was divided by an evaluation factor (AF). The risk was characterized by calculating the risk quotient (RQ), that is, by dividing the MEC by the PNEC. Risk categorization was performed according to Hernando et al. (2006). The RQs in Baía de São Francisco-CA, Ilha de São Vicente-SP and on the coast of Santa Catarina resulted in values below 0.01 (RQ=0.00), which indicates that no adverse effects are expected, if we consider the isolated effect of COC at these sites. In the city of Guarujá-SP (RQ=0.01) and in the Rias Baixas region (RQ=0.02), the risk was considered low. While in Baía de Santos- SP, the risk was moderate (RQ=0.23). Added to these results, there is the fact that COC can cause effects and bioaccumulate even at low concentrations. These data indicate the need to create public policies aimed at minimizing the effects of marine contamination by COC, mainly in Santos Bay, where the quotient was higher.
Descrição
Citação
SILVA, Jaqueline dos Reis. Cocaína em ambientes aquáticos marinhos: existe risco associado? 2023. 34 f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental) - Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 2023.