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- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Urbanisation on the coastline of the most populous and developed state of Brazil: the extent of coastal hardening and occupations in low-elevation zones(Springer Nature, 2024-06-26) Pardal, André [UNIFESP]; Pardal-Souza, André Luiz [UNIFESP]; Christofoletti, Ronaldo Adriano [UNIFESP]; Martinez, Aline Sbizera [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6271009643657143; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4170381439518486; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4622328317588092; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Worldwide, coastlines have been replaced and altered by hard infrastructures to protect cities and accommodate human activities. In addition, human settlements are common and increasing in lowland areas threatened by coastal risk hazards. These urbanisation processes cause severe socioeconomic and ecological losses which demand policy reforms towards better coastal management and climate resilience. A first step in that direction is to comprehend the status of coastal hardening and occupation of vulnerable areas. Here, we mapped the coastline of the most populous and developed state of Brazil: São Paulo (SP). Our goal was to quantify the linear extent of natural habitats, artificial structures (AS), and occupations in low-elevation coastal zones (≤ 5 m) within 100 m from marine environments (LECZ100m) along the coastline and within estuaries. SP coast has a total extent of 244 km of AS, of which 125 and 119 km correspond to AS running along the coastline (e.g., seawalls, breakwaters) and extending from the shoreline into adjacent waters (e.g., jetties, pontoons, groynes), respectively. 63% of the total extent of AS is located in the most urbanised region. Breakwalls were the most common infrastructure (108 km), followed by jetties and wharves (~40 km each), and aquaculture and fishing apparatus (~24 km). Over 300 km of the SP coastline has inland occupations in LECZ100m: 235 and 67 km are adjacent to sandy beaches and estuarine/river margins, respectively. Coastal hardening is advanced in the central region of SP resulting from intense port activities and armoured shorelines. In other regions, much of coastal urbanisation seems to be driven by secondary usage of the cities, such as real estate development for beach houses and tourism. Our findings suggest that coastal urbanisation poses a major but often neglected source of environmental impact and risk hazards in SP and Brazil.
- ItemEmbargoWater and sediment toxicity and hazard assessment of DCOIT towards neotropical marine organisms(Elsevier Ltd. All, 2023-08-01) Campos, Bruno Galvão de; Moreira, Lucas Buruaem [UNIFESP]; Pauly, Guacira de Figueiredo Eufrasio; Cruz, Ana Carolina Feitosa; Perina, Fernando Cesar; Abreu, Fiamma Eugênia Lemos; Fillmann, Gilberto; Abessa, Denis Moledo de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6881770615474884; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)DCOIT is an effective antifouling biocide, which presence in the environment and toxicity towards non-target species has been generating great concern. This study evaluated the waterborne toxicity of DCOIT on marine invertebrates (i.e., survival of brine shrimp Artemia sp., larval development of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter and the mussel Perna perna), as well as DCOIT-spiked-sediment toxicity on the fecundity rate of the copepod Nitrocra sp. And the mortality of the amphipod Tiburonella viscana. The data outcomes were used to calculate environmental hazards and risks, which were compared to their corresponding values obtained from temperate regions. Waterborne toxicity can be summarized as follows: Artemia sp. (LC50–48h = 163 (135–169) μg/L), E. lucunter (EC50–36h = 33.9 (17–65) μg/L), and P. perna (EC50–48h = 8.3 (7–9) μg/L). For whole-sediment toxicity, metrics were calculated for T. viscana (LC50-10d = 0.5 (0.1–2.6) μg/g) and Nitrocra sp, (EC50-10d = 200 (10–480) μg/kg). The DCOIT hazard was assessed for both tropical and non-tropical pelagic organisms. The predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for tropical species (0.19 μg/L) was 1.7-fold lower than that for non-tropical organisms (0.34 μg/L). In whole-sediment exposures, DCOIT presented a PNEC of 0.97 μg/kg, and the risk quotients (RQs) were >1 for areas with constant input of DCOIT such as ports ship/boatyards, marinas, and maritime traffic zones of Korea, Japan, Spain, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Brazil. The presented data are important for supporting the establishment of policies and regulations for booster biocides worldwide.
- ItemEmbargoUnraveling sources of hydrocarbons in subtropical estuaries with distinct degrees of protection in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Brazil(Elsevier Ltd. All, 2023-09-22) Martins, César de Castro; Moreira, Lucas Buruaem [UNIFESP]; Sutilli, Marina; SISC7019 , Group; Abessa, Denis Moledo de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6885920219067791; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8251258719894689; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1406741249739180; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2842419319556542; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Sedimentary aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in subtropical estuaries with distinct degrees of legal protection, located in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, São Paulo State, Brazil. A multivariate approach was adopted, using the Hierarchical cluster analysis followed by the Principal Matrix Factorization analysis to support the hydrocarbons sources findings using diagnostic ratios. In general, the sites with the highest values of hydrocarbons were in the vicinity of well-urbanized cities, where sewage discharge, harbor and industrial activities take place. Pyrolitic PAHs were the predominant source of PAHs in the sites. The region can be considered not highly contaminated by hydrocarbons; however, specific sites under local anthropogenic impact from sewage and/or urban drainage, presented relatively high hydrocarbons levels. These findings highlight the importance of sources identification as reliable approach to be included in the management plan of protected areas under the inputs of several vectors of contamination.
- ItemEmbargoSpatial and temporal distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detected after an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) spill(Elsevier Ltd. All, 2024-06-04) Miranda, Daniele de Almeida; Abessa, Denis Moledo de Souza; Moreira, Lucas Buruaem [UNIFESP]; Maranho, Luciane Alves; Oliveira, Lauriney Gomes; Benskin, Jonathan P; Leonel, Juliana; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3061949478707245; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2842419319556542; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8251258719894689; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8690857051771129; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1220830424519272; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1456429268623370; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6445151663229787; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)In 2015, > 460,000 L of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and fire suppressors containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were used to combat a fire at a petrochemical fuel storage terminal in the Port of Santos (Brazil). Sediments from seven sites were sampled repeatedly from 2 weeks to 1 year after the fire (n = 30). Ʃ15PFAS concentrations ranged from 115 to 15,931 pg g−1 dry weight (dw). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most frequently detected compound with concentrations ranging from 363 to 4517 (average = 1603) pg g−1dw to <47.1 to 642 (average = 401) pg g−1 dw, followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (from 38.8 to 219 (average = 162) pg g−1 dw after 15 days and from <20.8 to 161 (average = 101) pg g−1 dw one year later). Together, the hydrodynamics and fire events documented in the region were important features explaining the spread of PFAS.
- ItemEmbargoWaterborne toxicity to neotropical invertebrates and hazard of cigarette butt leachates in marine environments(Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), John Wiley & Sons, 2023-08-25) Mandelli, Wanessa Gentil [UNIFESP]; Pestana, Beatriz Militelo [UNIFESP]; Choueri, Rodrigo Brasil [UNIFESP]; Abessa, Denis Moledo de Souza; Castro, Ítalo Braga [UNIFESP]; Moreira, Lucas Buruaem [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5209075236705771; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most common type of beach litter worldwide and contain a complex mixture of chemicals. Given the recent interest in this emerging problem, it is important to assess the toxicity of CB leachates to a range of species from different regions, sensitivities, and ecological traits. We evaluated the waterborne toxicity of smoked CB to tropical invertebrates. Leachates were prepared in the laboratory and characterized for trace elements (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb), ammonia nitrogen, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Then a set of toxicity tests with marine invertebrates was performed as follows: the brine shrimp Artemia sp. (nontoxic); the amphipod Tiburonella viscana (median lethal concentration [LC50] of 0.038 CB/L); the tanaid Monokalliapseudes schubarti (LC50 of 0.126 CB/L); the copepods Tisbe biminiensis (median effect concentration [EC50] of 0.038 CB/L) and Nitokra sp. (EC50 of 0.009 CB/L); pluteus stage larvae of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (EC50 of 0.152 CB/L); the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata (EC50 of 0.054 CB/L); and D‐stage larvae of the mussel Perna perna (EC50 of 0.005 CB/L). The predicted no‐effect concentration was estimated using species sensitivity distribution, producing a 5th percentile hazard concentration of 0.015 CB/L. This preliminary threshold allowed us to estimate the potential impact of a single CB to 67 L of seawater via leaching, contributing to the advancement of knowledge regarding the contamination, toxicity, and ecological risks of cigarette waste.