Regulamentação do plástico de uso único: falhas e proposições
Data
2022-08-04
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Utensílios sintéticos à base de plásticos, são geralmente moldados, resistentes e com baixo custo de produção, sendo largamente utilizados em embalagens e descartáveis. Esses itens costumam ser usados apenas por alguns minutos antes de seu descarte. Dessa forma, a produção de resíduos sólidos se acentua com o crescimento da população mundial e com o avanço do poder econômico dos países. Estima-se que mais de 150 milhões de toneladas de plásticos descartáveis sejam usados todos os anos, enquanto itens plásticos de uso único representam 47% de todos os resíduos poliméricos gerados globalmente. Nesse sentido, há estimativas mostrando que apenas 9% são reciclados, enquanto 12% são incinerados e 79% são despejados em aterros sanitários, lixões ou no ambiente sem destinação adequada. Mudanças de paradigmas são necessárias para evitar uma crise global, uma vez que o descarte irregular gera uma variedade de impactos ambientais relatados para praticamente todos os ecossistemas da Terra. Entretanto, as legislações adotadas globalmente apresentam limitações que devem ser corrigidas em uma possível política nacional brasileira. Buscando analisar falhas e acertos nas regulações pré-consumo destes resíduos, este trabalho revisou e analisou as intervenções legislativas baseadas na redução (proibição, mecanismos econômicos, acordos voluntários) e substituição (polímeros alternativos de base biológicas e/ou biodegradáveis) de itens plásticos de uso único. Dessa forma, baseado nas melhores experiências internacionais e considerando as políticas que produziram efetiva redução na geração de resíduos, as seguintes estratégias são sugeridas para uma legislação nacional: a legislação deve ser implementada lentamente, acompanhada de ampla campanha informativa e educacional sobre os motivos da proibição, prevendo utensílios alternativos e eventuais multas por descumprimento. Paralelamente, um sistema de informação público deve ser criado, obrigando produtores e varejistas, de grande e pequeno porte, a fornecer dados de produção e distribuição de itens plásticos, permitindo assim a definição e monitoramento de metas e indicadores.
Single-use utensils based on plastics are generally molded, resistant and have a low production cost, being widely used in disposable packaging. These items are usually only used for few minutes before they are discarded. Hence, the production of solid waste is increased due to growth of the world population and advances of the economic power of the countries. It is estimated that over 150 million tons of single-use plastics are used every year, while single-use plastic items represent 47% of all polymeric waste generated globally. In this sense, there are estimates showing that only 9% are recycled, while 12% are incinerated and 79% are dumped in sanitary landfills, without proper disposal. Paradigm shifts are needed to avoid a global crisis, as irregular disposal generates a variety of reported environmental impacts for virtually all ecosystems on the Earth. However, the legislation adopted globally has limitations that must be corrected in a possible Brazilian national policy. Seeking to analyze flaws and successes in the pre-consumption regulations linked to waste management, this work reviewed and analyzed the legislative interventions based on the reduction (prohibition, economic mechanisms, voluntary agreements) and substitution (alternative polymers of biological and/or biodegradable bases) of single-use plastic utensils. Thus, based on the best international experiences and considering the policies that have produced an effective reduction in waste generation, the following strategies are suggested for a national legislation: the legislation must be implemented slowly, accompanied by a broad informative and educational campaign on the reasons for the ban, providing alternative tools and possible penalties for non-compliance. At the same time, a public information system must be created, obliging producers and retailers, large and small, to provide data on the production and distribution of plastic items, thus allowing the definition and monitoring of goals and indicators.
Single-use utensils based on plastics are generally molded, resistant and have a low production cost, being widely used in disposable packaging. These items are usually only used for few minutes before they are discarded. Hence, the production of solid waste is increased due to growth of the world population and advances of the economic power of the countries. It is estimated that over 150 million tons of single-use plastics are used every year, while single-use plastic items represent 47% of all polymeric waste generated globally. In this sense, there are estimates showing that only 9% are recycled, while 12% are incinerated and 79% are dumped in sanitary landfills, without proper disposal. Paradigm shifts are needed to avoid a global crisis, as irregular disposal generates a variety of reported environmental impacts for virtually all ecosystems on the Earth. However, the legislation adopted globally has limitations that must be corrected in a possible Brazilian national policy. Seeking to analyze flaws and successes in the pre-consumption regulations linked to waste management, this work reviewed and analyzed the legislative interventions based on the reduction (prohibition, economic mechanisms, voluntary agreements) and substitution (alternative polymers of biological and/or biodegradable bases) of single-use plastic utensils. Thus, based on the best international experiences and considering the policies that have produced an effective reduction in waste generation, the following strategies are suggested for a national legislation: the legislation must be implemented slowly, accompanied by a broad informative and educational campaign on the reasons for the ban, providing alternative tools and possible penalties for non-compliance. At the same time, a public information system must be created, obliging producers and retailers, large and small, to provide data on the production and distribution of plastic items, thus allowing the definition and monitoring of goals and indicators.
Descrição
Citação
EVANGELISTA, Marcos Vinicius. Regulamentação do plástico de uso único: falhas e proposições. 2022. 106 f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental) - Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 2022.