Ecofisiologia comparada de espécies de palmeiras nativa e invasora
Data
2023-12-06
Autores
Matos, Gabriela Gomes de 
Orientadores
Brasileiro, Cinthia Aguirre
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Como consequência da urbanização, grande parte das áreas verdes e da biodiversidade foram perdidas, restando poucos fragmentos florestais urbanos. As árvores desses fragmentos prestam serviços ecossistêmicos para as cidades, conferindo quatro categorias de benefícios; suporte (ex. ciclo de nutrientes), provisão (ex. recursos hídricos), regulação (ex. estabilidade climática) e culturais (ex. lazer social). A reserva florestal do Instituto de Biociências da USP (RFIB) é um dos raros fragmentos florestais da cidade de São Paulo. Contudo, é necessário um cuidado e manejo para com as perturbações ecológicas as quais os fragmentos florestais estão sujeitos, tal como a invasão biológica, que vem sendo registrada na RFIB há mais de 20 anos, pela palmeira real australiana (Archontophoenix cunnhinghamiana). Essa palmeira sobrepõe o nicho de palmeiras nativas, como o jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) e apesar das medidas de manejo implementadas desde 2011, a invasão persiste. Dessa forma, o presente estudo, inserido dentro de um projeto maior intitulado ‘Sensoriamento remoto de florestas urbanas para enfrentamento frente às mudanças do clima’, tem como objetivo entender as respostas ecofisiológicas de fotossíntese e crescimento dessas palmeiras invasora e nativa em câmaras de topo aberto (OTC, do inglês Open Top Chambers) e casa de vegetação. Para isso, foram analisados, mensalmente, durante um ano e quatro meses, parâmetros de crescimento (número de folhas, área foliar, altura, perímetro e diâmetro do caule) em plantas jovens de A. cunnhinghamiana e S. romanzoffiana. Também foram realizadas medidas e análises das trocas gasosas utilizando um analisador de gases infravermelho (IRGA). Observou-se que as respostas fotossintéticas não variam entre as espécies invasora e nativa, mas sim entre as estações do ano, com os meses de estação chuvosa (primavera e verão) apresentando maior condutância estomática, assimilação líquida de CO2 e transpiração do que os meses de estação seca (inverno). Em relação aos parâmetros de crescimento, os resultados indicam que a palmeira invasora A. cunnhinghamiana, apresentou os maiores incrementos nos 16 meses de acompanhamento, com 67% de aumento em altura, 53% em número de folhas, 205% em diâmetro e 143% no perímetro do caule. Para S. romanzoffiana os acréscimos foram menores, com 47% na altura, 45% em diâmetro, 34% no perímetro do caule e uma redução de 14% no número de folhas em relação ao período inicial. Apesar da espécie nativa apresentar os maiores valores no início do experimento (plantas com 6 meses de idade), durante o acompanhamento, o maior crescimento por parte da invasora permitiu que ela ultrapassasse a nativa em relação ao diâmetro e perímetro do caule, e número de folhas. Foi possível observar um maior investimento no caule para as plantas jovens de ambas as espécies.
Due to urbanization, a substantial portion of green spaces and biodiversity has been lost, leaving only a few urban forest fragments. Trees within these fragments provide essential ecosystem services for cities, offering benefits across four categories: support (e.g., nutrient cycling), provision (e.g., water resources), regulation (e.g., climate stability), and cultural (e.g., social leisure). The forest reserve of the USP Biosciences Institute (RFIB) stands as one of the rare forest fragments in the city of São Paulo. However, it is imperative to address and manage ecological disturbances to which forest fragments are vulnerable, such as the ongoing biological invasion recorded in the RFIB over the past two decades by the Australian royal palm tree (Archontophoenix cunnhinghamiana). This palm tree encroaches upon the native palms' niche, such as the jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana), and despite management measures implemented since 2011, the invasion persists. The objective of this study, as part of the broader initiative titled 'Remote Sensing of Urban Forests to Cope with Climate Change,' is to comprehend the ecophysiological responses of photosynthesis and growth in both invasive and native palms within open top chambers (OTC) and greenhouse. To achieve this, growth parameters (number of leaves, leaf area, height, perimeter, and stem diameter) were measured monthly over one year and four months on young plants of A. cunnhinghamiana and S. romanzoffiana. Gas exchange was also measured and analyzed using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). The analyses revealed that photosynthetic responses did not differ significantly between the invasive and native species but rather exhibited distinctions between seasons. The rainy seasons (spring and summer) displayed higher stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation, and transpiration compared to the dry season (winter). Regarding growth parameters, the results indicate that the invasive palm, A. cunnhinghamiana, exhibited the most substantial increases during the 16 months of monitoring, with a 67% height increase, 53% more leaves, 205% larger diameter, and 143% greater stem perimeter. For S. romanzoffiana, the increases were more modest, with a 47% height increase, 45% larger diameter, 34% greater stem perimeter, and a 14% reduction in the number of leaves compared to the initial period. Although the native species displayed higher values at the experiment's outset (plants were 6 months old), the greater growth rate in the invasive species enabled it to surpass the native species in terms of stem diameter, perimeter, and the number of leaves during the development. Notably, there was a higher investment in stem growth for the young plants of both species.
Due to urbanization, a substantial portion of green spaces and biodiversity has been lost, leaving only a few urban forest fragments. Trees within these fragments provide essential ecosystem services for cities, offering benefits across four categories: support (e.g., nutrient cycling), provision (e.g., water resources), regulation (e.g., climate stability), and cultural (e.g., social leisure). The forest reserve of the USP Biosciences Institute (RFIB) stands as one of the rare forest fragments in the city of São Paulo. However, it is imperative to address and manage ecological disturbances to which forest fragments are vulnerable, such as the ongoing biological invasion recorded in the RFIB over the past two decades by the Australian royal palm tree (Archontophoenix cunnhinghamiana). This palm tree encroaches upon the native palms' niche, such as the jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana), and despite management measures implemented since 2011, the invasion persists. The objective of this study, as part of the broader initiative titled 'Remote Sensing of Urban Forests to Cope with Climate Change,' is to comprehend the ecophysiological responses of photosynthesis and growth in both invasive and native palms within open top chambers (OTC) and greenhouse. To achieve this, growth parameters (number of leaves, leaf area, height, perimeter, and stem diameter) were measured monthly over one year and four months on young plants of A. cunnhinghamiana and S. romanzoffiana. Gas exchange was also measured and analyzed using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). The analyses revealed that photosynthetic responses did not differ significantly between the invasive and native species but rather exhibited distinctions between seasons. The rainy seasons (spring and summer) displayed higher stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation, and transpiration compared to the dry season (winter). Regarding growth parameters, the results indicate that the invasive palm, A. cunnhinghamiana, exhibited the most substantial increases during the 16 months of monitoring, with a 67% height increase, 53% more leaves, 205% larger diameter, and 143% greater stem perimeter. For S. romanzoffiana, the increases were more modest, with a 47% height increase, 45% larger diameter, 34% greater stem perimeter, and a 14% reduction in the number of leaves compared to the initial period. Although the native species displayed higher values at the experiment's outset (plants were 6 months old), the greater growth rate in the invasive species enabled it to surpass the native species in terms of stem diameter, perimeter, and the number of leaves during the development. Notably, there was a higher investment in stem growth for the young plants of both species.