Percepção dos professores sobre programas de prevenção ao uso de drogas com base na escola na Baixada Santista
Data
2022-05-26
Autores
Oliveira, Heloisa Helena Pellizer Ortega [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Tucci, Adriana Marcassa [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de drogas entre adolescentes tem sido preocupação de diferentes instituições nacionais e internacionais devido ao aumento da possibilidade do desenvolvimento de problemas de saúde mental. Programas de prevenção ao uso de drogas têm ocorrido principalmente no ambiente escolar, por possibilitar o acesso a um grande número de jovens. OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção de professores sobre o desenvolvimento de projetos de prevenção ao uso de drogas na escola. MÉTODO: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, norteado por um roteiro estruturado. Os dados foram analisados pela análise de conteúdo e software NVIVO. Participaram desse estudo dez professores do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas da Baixada Santista, sendo uma escola da rede pública e outra escola da rede privada de ensino. As entrevistas foram realizadas por meio de plataforma on-line. RESULTADOS: Foram elaboradas três categorias temáticas resultantes da análise dos dados: Território, Educação e Prevenção ao uso de drogas. A primeira categoria se refere ao território no qual as escolas estavam inseridas, como também à disponibilidade de serviços no território. A segunda categoria se configurou a partir de aspectos relacionados à educação, que originou duas subcategorias: Estrutura Organizacional e Formação dos Professores. A terceira categoria se refere à prevenção ao uso de drogas e abrange as concepções dos professores sobre prevenção e conhecimentos sobre a temática no âmbito escolar. Os professores indicam a necessidade de formação ou capacitação, visto o grande desconhecimento acerca do tema. Apontaram a necessidade da participação de outros setores do município, no caso da rede pública, com projetos contínuos e permanentes, para o compartilhamento das responsabilidades, um dos princípios da ação intersetorial. Foi apontada a precária infraestrutura da escola da rede pública, que não proporciona condições mínimas de trabalho. Desta forma, se veem impossibilitados de atuar no sentido de minimizar as vulnerabilidades vividas pelos alunos, principalmente em executar ações em prevenção ao uso de drogas. Foi detectado que há pouca ou nenhuma ação de prevenção ao uso de drogas realizada pelos professores, em ambas escolas. As que ocorrem são desenvolvidas principalmente pelo professor de ciências e são pautadas por conteúdos proibicionistas e de medo, inclusive elencadas pelos professores como sendo uma forma adequada de se abordar o assunto. No entanto, a literatura aponta de maneira sistemática a ineficácia dessas ações. Na contramão de ações pautadas pelo proibicionismo, a Redução de Danos (RD) reconhece a existência das drogas na história da humanidade e a possibilidade de uso pelo adolescente. Isso ocorre porque a RD é baseada em estratégias que procuram dar autonomia, responsabilização, emancipação e protagonismo aos sujeitos, de maneira que façam sentido à sua vida, considerando seus modos de ser e de viver, com ações também no território no qual estão inseridos. Desta forma, os sujeitos se apropriam de recursos que lhes possibilitem realizar escolhas mais seguras sobre o uso de drogas. CONCLUSÃO: A prevenção ao uso de drogas ainda é desconhecida e pouco abordada no ambiente escolar. Há necessidade de investimentos na área da educação e na implantação das políticas públicas de prevenção ao uso de drogas por meio de ações intersetoriais, que removam a responsabilidade exclusiva do professor pelo desenvolvimento destas. Além disto, faz-se necessário que seja um projeto de Estado. O proibicionismo ainda é a abordagem mais usada na prevenção ao uso de drogas, a qual vem se mostrando ineficaz. De forma a romper com esta abordagem, este trabalho aponta a política de RD como uma possibilidade para se proporcionar melhores resultados de prevenção universal ao uso de drogas. Este modelo deve ser também o que norteia as formações e capacitações para os profissionais envolvidos na prevenção ao uso de drogas, quebrando o paradigma imposto pelo proibicionismo e proporcionando um novo entendimento da promoção de saúde na área de prevenção ao uso de drogas. É impreterível que a prevenção ao uso de drogas seja um trabalho pautado pelo Estado, que tenha compromisso ético-político e recursos adequados para proporcionar espaços de diálogo, autonomia profissional e resultados mais eficazes.
INTRODUCTION: Drug use among adolescents has been a concern of different national and international institutions due to the increased possibility of developing mental health problems. Drug use prevention programs have taken place mainly in the school environment as they provide access to a large number of young people. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perception of teachers about the development of drug use prevention projects at school. METHOD: Qualitative study, guided by a structured script. Data were analyzed by content analysis and NVIVO software. Ten teachers from the 6th year of Elementary School from two schools in Baixada Santista participated in this study, one being a public school and the other a private school. The interviews were carried out through an online platform. RESULTS: Three thematic categories resulting from data analysis were elaborated: Territory, Education and Prevention of drug use. The first category refers to the territory in which the schools were located, as well as the availability of services in the territory. The second category was configured from aspects related to education, which gave rise to two subcategories: Organizational Structure and Teacher Training. The third category refers to the prevention of drug use and covers the teachers' conceptions about prevention and knowledge about the subject in the school environment. Teachers indicate the need for training or qualification, given the great lack of knowledge about the subject. They pointed out the need for the participation of other sectors of the municipality, in the case of the public network, with continuous and permanent projects, for the sharing of responsibilities, one of the principles of intersectoral action. The precarious infrastructure of the public school system was pointed out, which does not provide minimum working conditions. In this way, they are unable to act in order to minimize the vulnerabilities experienced by students, especially in carrying out actions to prevent drug use. It was detected that there is little or no action to prevent drug use carried out by teachers in both schools. The ones that occur are mainly developed by the science teacher and are guided by prohibitionist and fearful content, even listed by teachers as an appropriate way of approaching the subject. However, the literature systematically points out the ineffectiveness of these actions. Contrary to actions guided by prohibitionism, Harm Reduction (DR) recognizes the existence of drugs in human history and the possibility of their use by adolescents. Based on strategies that seek to give autonomy, accountability, emancipation and protagonism to subjects in a way that makes sense of their lives and considering their ways of being and living, with actions also in the territory in which they are inserted. In this way, subjects appropriate resources that allow them to make safer choices about drug use. CONCLUSION: The prevention of drug use is still unknown and little addressed in the school environment. There is a need for investments in the area of education and in the implementation of public policies to prevent drug use through intersectoral actions, which exempt exclusively the teacher for their development. In addition, it is necessary that it be a State project. Prohibitionism is still the most used approach in preventing drug use, which has been proving to be ineffective. In order to break with this approach, this work points to the HR policy as a possibility to provide better results of universal prevention of drug use. This model should also be what guides training or training for professionals involved in drug use prevention, breaking the paradigm imposed by prohibitionism and providing a new understanding of health promotion in the area of drug use prevention. It is imperative that the prevention of drug use be a work guided by the State, which has an ethical-political commitment and adequate resources to provide spaces for dialogue, professional autonomy and more effective results.
INTRODUCTION: Drug use among adolescents has been a concern of different national and international institutions due to the increased possibility of developing mental health problems. Drug use prevention programs have taken place mainly in the school environment as they provide access to a large number of young people. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perception of teachers about the development of drug use prevention projects at school. METHOD: Qualitative study, guided by a structured script. Data were analyzed by content analysis and NVIVO software. Ten teachers from the 6th year of Elementary School from two schools in Baixada Santista participated in this study, one being a public school and the other a private school. The interviews were carried out through an online platform. RESULTS: Three thematic categories resulting from data analysis were elaborated: Territory, Education and Prevention of drug use. The first category refers to the territory in which the schools were located, as well as the availability of services in the territory. The second category was configured from aspects related to education, which gave rise to two subcategories: Organizational Structure and Teacher Training. The third category refers to the prevention of drug use and covers the teachers' conceptions about prevention and knowledge about the subject in the school environment. Teachers indicate the need for training or qualification, given the great lack of knowledge about the subject. They pointed out the need for the participation of other sectors of the municipality, in the case of the public network, with continuous and permanent projects, for the sharing of responsibilities, one of the principles of intersectoral action. The precarious infrastructure of the public school system was pointed out, which does not provide minimum working conditions. In this way, they are unable to act in order to minimize the vulnerabilities experienced by students, especially in carrying out actions to prevent drug use. It was detected that there is little or no action to prevent drug use carried out by teachers in both schools. The ones that occur are mainly developed by the science teacher and are guided by prohibitionist and fearful content, even listed by teachers as an appropriate way of approaching the subject. However, the literature systematically points out the ineffectiveness of these actions. Contrary to actions guided by prohibitionism, Harm Reduction (DR) recognizes the existence of drugs in human history and the possibility of their use by adolescents. Based on strategies that seek to give autonomy, accountability, emancipation and protagonism to subjects in a way that makes sense of their lives and considering their ways of being and living, with actions also in the territory in which they are inserted. In this way, subjects appropriate resources that allow them to make safer choices about drug use. CONCLUSION: The prevention of drug use is still unknown and little addressed in the school environment. There is a need for investments in the area of education and in the implementation of public policies to prevent drug use through intersectoral actions, which exempt exclusively the teacher for their development. In addition, it is necessary that it be a State project. Prohibitionism is still the most used approach in preventing drug use, which has been proving to be ineffective. In order to break with this approach, this work points to the HR policy as a possibility to provide better results of universal prevention of drug use. This model should also be what guides training or training for professionals involved in drug use prevention, breaking the paradigm imposed by prohibitionism and providing a new understanding of health promotion in the area of drug use prevention. It is imperative that the prevention of drug use be a work guided by the State, which has an ethical-political commitment and adequate resources to provide spaces for dialogue, professional autonomy and more effective results.
Descrição
Citação
OLIVEIRA, Heloisa Helena Pellizer Ortega. Percepção dos professores sobre programas de prevenção ao uso de drogas com base na escola na Baixada Santista. 2022. 170 f. Dissertação (Mestrado Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde) - Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 2022.