Representações culturais de quilombolas-vazanteiros: um segmento da cultura inclusiva no Acampamento Rio São Francisco
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Data
2012
Autores
Sampaio, Cristina Andrade [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Santos, José Francisco Fernandes Quirino dos [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Tese de doutorado
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Estudo realizado no Norte de Minas Gerais em uma comunidade tradicional, autônoma, composta principalmente por negros que vivem às margens do Rio São Francisco. Trata-se de quilombolas e vazanteiros que vivem no Acampamento Rio São Francisco. Nesse quadro, este trabalho procurou desvendar os interesses dos membros de uma comunidade típica através de um estudo local. O fato de permanecerem isolados foi a mais importante influência que tiveram para, aos poucos, configurar essa modesta quantidade de pessoas em moldes próximos da “pequena comunidade” clássica, na qual todos trabalham como membros do grupo, atendendo às necessidades gerais, cada um se reconhecendo como membro do grupo e disso se orgulhando. Nesse sentido, a pergunta que o texto tenta responder é: como é possível que um grupo comunitário pobre, dispondo de meios de
produção próprios, conviva continuamente com segmentos regionais da sociedade capitalista inclusiva sem ser envolvido por eles, nem individualmente, nem coletivamente? O trabalho de campo concretizado nos anos de 2009 a 2012, realizado como uma etnografia do grupo, serviu como base da interpretação mais
profunda do modo de pensar e agir daquelas pessoas, portanto uma etnologia, cujas categorias empregadas estavam já inscritas na própria realidade vivida por elas. Foram feitos registros fotográficos a cada incursão ao campo e as fotografias constituíram-se como instrumento de pesquisa, aliados às anotações no diário de campo da pesquisa, tendo sido úteis como memória para descrição e interpretação da comunidade e sua representação cultural. Observações etnográficas densas foram possíveis a partir do conjunto de técnicas de abordagem antropológica utilizadas. Delas, destaca-se a inserção como pesquisadora e assim, a possibilidade de olhar, ouvir, participar, fotografar e interpretar um modo particular de vida em comunidade, participando dele, no ambiente em que estas pessoas vivem e se relacionam. Como referencial teórico, o conceito de cultura guiou a construção do modelo explicativo da realidade, inacessível aos indivíduos. Todo o trabalho de campo foi gravado em áudio e as atividades em grupo foram filmadas. A transcrição se seguiu logo após a realização das atividades. Os resultados do campo foram apresentados em cinco capítulos, nos quais foram abordados: o método empregado, a construção do conceito de “quilombolas-vazanteiros”, o Acampamento, a Ilha da Ressaca e os costumes locais. A comunidade estudada depende do exterior em termos das ajudas obtidas do Estado e de entidades não governamentais, porém não se deixa penetrar por outros tipos de iniciativa. Para compreender a questão, basta imaginar que ali, simplesmente, se aceita tudo aquilo que pode dar mais produtividade ao trabalho e se rejeita tudo aquilo que apenas toca nas crenças, afetividade e tradições em geral. A comunidade estudada criou por si um modo particular de subsistência com sustentação própria e sem desestabilizar o meio ambiente, nem depender profundamente da economia capitalista, e deseja, expressamente, permanecer assim.
This study was conducted in the North of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil in an autonomous, traditional community, composed mainly of afro-desecendent people who live by the banks of the São Francisco River. They are quilombolas and vazanteiros, and currently live at the São Francisco River Camp. Within this context this study sought to reveal the interests of members of such a community through a local study. Isolation was the most important influence in gradually establishing this modest amount of people in a way which is close to the classic "small community", in which every person works as a member of the group, serving the common needs, each one is recognized as a member of this group and is proud of that. In this sense, the question this text aims to answer is: how can a poor community, counting on their own means of production, continually interact with regional segments of the inclusive capitalist society without being overcome by them, either individually or collectively? The field work was conducted from 2009 to 2012, as group ethnography, and served as a basis for deep interpretation of the collective ways of thinking and acting, therefore an ethnology, whose categories had already been inscribed by their experienced reality. Photographic records were made during every visit to the fieldsite and these photographs were constituted as a research tool, along with the field research diary entries, which have been useful as memory tools for description and interpretation of the community and its cultural representation. Dense ethnographic observations were made possible by the application of a set of anthropological techniques. Within this methodology, there is the insertion of the researcher and, thus, the possibility of looking, listening, photographing and interpreting a particular way of life by participating in the environment in which these people live and interact. As a theoretical framework, the concept of culture guided the construction of the explanatory model of reality, inaccessible to these individuals. Interviews were recorded on audio and several group activities were videotaped. The interviews were transcribed soon after the completion of activities. Field results are presented in five chapters, outlining the method used, the construction of the concept of "quilombolas-vazanteiros", the Camp, Ressaca Island, and local customs. The community depends on aid obtained from the state government and nongovernmental entities, and no other type of initiative is allowed to prosper. To understand the problem, it is importante to consider that within such initiatives more productivity at work is simply accepted as inherently positive and everything that solely relates to beliefs, traditions and community interaction is generally rejected. The studied community created a particular mode of livelihood which supports itself and does not destabilize the environment or depend heavily on the capitalist economy, and expressively wishes to maintain this way of life.
This study was conducted in the North of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil in an autonomous, traditional community, composed mainly of afro-desecendent people who live by the banks of the São Francisco River. They are quilombolas and vazanteiros, and currently live at the São Francisco River Camp. Within this context this study sought to reveal the interests of members of such a community through a local study. Isolation was the most important influence in gradually establishing this modest amount of people in a way which is close to the classic "small community", in which every person works as a member of the group, serving the common needs, each one is recognized as a member of this group and is proud of that. In this sense, the question this text aims to answer is: how can a poor community, counting on their own means of production, continually interact with regional segments of the inclusive capitalist society without being overcome by them, either individually or collectively? The field work was conducted from 2009 to 2012, as group ethnography, and served as a basis for deep interpretation of the collective ways of thinking and acting, therefore an ethnology, whose categories had already been inscribed by their experienced reality. Photographic records were made during every visit to the fieldsite and these photographs were constituted as a research tool, along with the field research diary entries, which have been useful as memory tools for description and interpretation of the community and its cultural representation. Dense ethnographic observations were made possible by the application of a set of anthropological techniques. Within this methodology, there is the insertion of the researcher and, thus, the possibility of looking, listening, photographing and interpreting a particular way of life by participating in the environment in which these people live and interact. As a theoretical framework, the concept of culture guided the construction of the explanatory model of reality, inaccessible to these individuals. Interviews were recorded on audio and several group activities were videotaped. The interviews were transcribed soon after the completion of activities. Field results are presented in five chapters, outlining the method used, the construction of the concept of "quilombolas-vazanteiros", the Camp, Ressaca Island, and local customs. The community depends on aid obtained from the state government and nongovernmental entities, and no other type of initiative is allowed to prosper. To understand the problem, it is importante to consider that within such initiatives more productivity at work is simply accepted as inherently positive and everything that solely relates to beliefs, traditions and community interaction is generally rejected. The studied community created a particular mode of livelihood which supports itself and does not destabilize the environment or depend heavily on the capitalist economy, and expressively wishes to maintain this way of life.
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Citação
SAMPAIO, Cristina Andrade. Representações culturais de quilombolas-vazanteiros: um segmento da cultura inclusiva no Acampamento Rio São Francisco. 2012. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 2012.