Avaliação do impacto de uma certificação REDD+ na conservação de floresta da amazônia brasileira
Data
2023-04-27
Autores
Silveira, Giulia de Paula 
Orientadores
Vieira, Elisa Hardt Alves
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
A Amazônia é a maior floresta tropical do mundo e desempenha uma função fundamental na regulação climática global, uma vez que é capaz de captar dióxido de carbono (〖CO〗_2) da atmosfera e transformá-lo em biomassa viva, além de estocar carbono no solo. O mecanismo financeiro conhecido como REDD+ foi criado para incentivar a redução das emissões de carbono geradas pelo desmatamento e degradação florestal em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, que possui áreas com altos níveis de desmatamento devido à expansão da pecuária e agricultura nos últimos 30 anos. Projetos REDD+ envolvem principalmente o monitoramento, controle, promoção do uso sustentável dos recursos, e o engajamento das comunidades locais em áreas de floresta. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se a implementação de um projeto desta natureza certificado na Amazônia contribui para a conservação de floresta de uma Unidade de Conservação de Uso Sustentável. Para isso, foram elaborados três capítulos que permitiram: i) a caracterização da RESEX Rio Preto-Jacundá (Rondônia) por meio de revisão bibliográfica sistemática e levantamento de bases cartográficas e dados georreferenciados disponíveis; ii) a análise comparativa entre os índices de desmatamento observados na RESEX, no estado de Rondônia e no projeto REDD+, utilizando os dados do Programa de Cálculo do Desflorestamento da Amazônia do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE); iii) a avaliação da dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra, estoque de carbono e conservação de florestas antes e após a implementação do projeto, bem como em cenários futuros de tendências de mudança criados por Cadeia de Markov em associação com Autômatos Celulares. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a população desta RESEX se apresenta como uma população rural pobre e em más condições de vida, que possui dificuldades em obter renda a partir, apenas, do uso sustentável dos recursos naturais; desta forma foi observada a ocorrência de desmatamentos inicialmente no estado de RO (2013) e em seguida na RESEX (2015) e dentro dos limites do Projeto REDD+ (2016), comprovando um efeito em cadeia de mudança de tendência em relação à conservação florestal. Mesmo após a implementação do Projeto REDD+, a substituição das áreas de floresta primária, principalmente, por pastagens e florestas secundárias, o contínuo aumento do número de fragmentos e das fronteiras entre a floresta tropical e os usos antrópicos, além do constante decréscimo dos estoques de carbono, demonstrou que o projeto REDD+ não está contribuindo para a conservação da floresta na RESEX Rio Preto-Jacundá. Conclui-se que devido à falta de regulamentação deste tipo de projeto, além da ausência de apoio do governo local e federal e do cumprimento das políticas públicas que incentivem o monitoramento, controle e fiscalização dos desmatamentos na Amazônia em geral, o projeto analisado neste estudo não foi suficiente para apoiar o combate à urgente crise climática em que nos encontramos.
Amazon is the largest tropical forest in the world and plays a fundamental role in the regulation of terrestrial climate, as it is capable of capturing carbon dioxide (〖CO〗_2) from the atmosphere, converting it into living biomass, and storing carbon in the soils. The financial mechanism is known as REDD+ was created to encourage the reduction of carbon emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries like Brazil, which has areas with high levels of deforestation due to the expansion of livestock and agriculture in the last 30 years. REDD+ projects mainly involve monitoring, controlling, promoting sustainable use of resources, and engaging local communities in forest areas. This study aims to assess whether implementing a certified REDD+ project in the Amazon contributes to forest conservation in a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit. For this, three chapters were elaborated that allowed: i) the characterization of the RESEX Rio Preto-Jacundá (Rondônia) through a systematic literature review and survey of cartographic bases and georeferenced data available; ii) the comparative analysis between the deforestation rates observed in the RESEX, in the state of Rondônia and in the REDD+ project, using data from the “Programa de Cálculo do Desflorestamento da Amazônia” of the INPE; iii) the evaluation of the dynamics of land use and cover, carbon stock, and forest conservation before and after the implementation of the project, as well as in future scenarios of change trends created by Markov Chains in association with Cellular Automata. The results found show that the population of this RESEX presents itself as a poor rural population in poor living conditions, which has difficulties in obtaining income from only the sustainable use of natural resources; thus it was observed the occurrence of deforestation initially in the state of RO (2013) and then in the RESEX (2015) and within the limits of the REDD+ Project (2016), proving a chain effect of changing trends concerning forest conservation. Even after the implementation of the REDD+ Project, the replacement of primary forest areas mainly by pastures and secondary forests, the continuous increase in the number of fragments and the boundaries between tropical forest and anthropic uses, and the constant decrease in carbon stocks demonstrated that the REDD+ project is not contributing to forest conservation in the RESEX Rio Preto-Jacundá. It is concluded that influenced by the lack of regulations for this type of project, which can generate a mapping of carbon stocks with low fidelity, in addition to the absence of support from the local and federal government and the enforcement of public policies to encourage monitoring, control, and inspection of the deforestation in the Amazon in general, the project analyzed in this study was not enough to support the fight against the urgent climate crisis which we find ourselves.
Amazon is the largest tropical forest in the world and plays a fundamental role in the regulation of terrestrial climate, as it is capable of capturing carbon dioxide (〖CO〗_2) from the atmosphere, converting it into living biomass, and storing carbon in the soils. The financial mechanism is known as REDD+ was created to encourage the reduction of carbon emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries like Brazil, which has areas with high levels of deforestation due to the expansion of livestock and agriculture in the last 30 years. REDD+ projects mainly involve monitoring, controlling, promoting sustainable use of resources, and engaging local communities in forest areas. This study aims to assess whether implementing a certified REDD+ project in the Amazon contributes to forest conservation in a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit. For this, three chapters were elaborated that allowed: i) the characterization of the RESEX Rio Preto-Jacundá (Rondônia) through a systematic literature review and survey of cartographic bases and georeferenced data available; ii) the comparative analysis between the deforestation rates observed in the RESEX, in the state of Rondônia and in the REDD+ project, using data from the “Programa de Cálculo do Desflorestamento da Amazônia” of the INPE; iii) the evaluation of the dynamics of land use and cover, carbon stock, and forest conservation before and after the implementation of the project, as well as in future scenarios of change trends created by Markov Chains in association with Cellular Automata. The results found show that the population of this RESEX presents itself as a poor rural population in poor living conditions, which has difficulties in obtaining income from only the sustainable use of natural resources; thus it was observed the occurrence of deforestation initially in the state of RO (2013) and then in the RESEX (2015) and within the limits of the REDD+ Project (2016), proving a chain effect of changing trends concerning forest conservation. Even after the implementation of the REDD+ Project, the replacement of primary forest areas mainly by pastures and secondary forests, the continuous increase in the number of fragments and the boundaries between tropical forest and anthropic uses, and the constant decrease in carbon stocks demonstrated that the REDD+ project is not contributing to forest conservation in the RESEX Rio Preto-Jacundá. It is concluded that influenced by the lack of regulations for this type of project, which can generate a mapping of carbon stocks with low fidelity, in addition to the absence of support from the local and federal government and the enforcement of public policies to encourage monitoring, control, and inspection of the deforestation in the Amazon in general, the project analyzed in this study was not enough to support the fight against the urgent climate crisis which we find ourselves.