Efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre a prevenção ou reversão das alterações comportamentais e neurobiológicas induzidas pelo estresse na infância
Data
2023-02-15
Autores
Sá, Natalia Ferreira de 
Orientadores
Suchecki, Deborah
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
O período neonatal é extremamente importante para a programação das respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais ao estresse em fases mais tardias da vida do indivíduo e grande parte deste processo depende da qualidade da relação parental. Em roedores, protocolos de ruptura da relação mãe-filhote, como a privação (PM) ou a separação materna (SM), durante o período de hiporresponsividade ao estresse induzem aumento da expressão de comportamentos dos tipos ansioso e depressivo, além de comprometimentos sociais e cognitivos. O enriquecimento ambiental (EA) pode representar uma alternativa não-farmacológica para tratamento, prevenção e reversão destes efeitos deletérios induzidos pelo estresse na infância. Dessa forma, esta revisão da literatura teve por objetivo elucidar o potencial terapêutico do EA em roedores submetidos a protocolos de ruptura da relação mãe-filhote. Para tanto, foram resgatados trabalhos que avaliaram os efeitos do EA durante ou após a realização de protocolos de PM ou SM sobre medidas comportamentais e neurobiológicas em ratos e camundongos. No total, 27 artigos foram incluídos no estudo e os parâmetros avaliados foram: memória e cognição; comportamento do tipo ansioso; comportamento do tipo depressivo; comportamento social e pró-social; consumo de álcool; peso corporal; aspectos neuroinflamatórios e dor; atividade do eixo HPA; neurogênese e neuroplasticidade. O EA parece reverter a maioria dos efeitos deletérios da SM sobre tarefas de memória. Contudo, seus efeitos sobre os comportamentos social e dos tipos ansioso e depressivo e consumo de álcool são ainda controversos. Ainda, os resultados referentes aos aspectos neurobiológicos indicam um efeito importante do EA sobre a neurogênese de diversas estruturas encefálicas e um aumento da complexidade de circuitos cerebrais. Porém, a interação desta variável com os protocolos de estresse neonatal demonstram evidências ainda pouco conclusivas.
The neonatal period is extremely important for programming physiological and behavioral responses to stress in later stages of an individual's life, and much of this process depends on the quality of the parental relationship. In rodents, disruption protocols of the mother-infant relationship, such as deprivation (MD) or maternal separation (MS), during the period of hyporesponsiveness to stress, induce an increase in the expression of anxious and depressive-like behaviors, besides social, emotional and cognitive impairments. Environmental enrichment (EE) may represent a non-pharmacological alternative for the treatment, prevention and reversal of these deleterious effects induced by stress in childhood. Thus, this literature review aimed to elucidate the therapeutic potential of EE in rodents submitted to disruption protocols of the mother-infant relationship. For this purpose, studies that evaluated the effects of EE during or after the MD or MS protocols on behavioral and neurobiological measures in rats and mice were retrieved. In total, 27 articles were included in this study and the parameters evaluated were: memory and cognition; anxious-like behavior; depressive-like behavior; social and prosocial behavior; alcohol consumption; body weight; neuroinflammatory aspects and pain; HPA axis activity; neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. EE seems to reverse most of the deleterious effects of MS on memory tasks. However, its effects on social, anxious and depressive behaviors and alcohol consumption are still controversial. Still, the results referring to the neurobiological aspects indicate an important effect of EE on the neurogenesis of several brain structures and an increase in the complexity of brain circuits. However, the evidence of interaction of this variable with neonatal stress protocols is still not conclusive.
The neonatal period is extremely important for programming physiological and behavioral responses to stress in later stages of an individual's life, and much of this process depends on the quality of the parental relationship. In rodents, disruption protocols of the mother-infant relationship, such as deprivation (MD) or maternal separation (MS), during the period of hyporesponsiveness to stress, induce an increase in the expression of anxious and depressive-like behaviors, besides social, emotional and cognitive impairments. Environmental enrichment (EE) may represent a non-pharmacological alternative for the treatment, prevention and reversal of these deleterious effects induced by stress in childhood. Thus, this literature review aimed to elucidate the therapeutic potential of EE in rodents submitted to disruption protocols of the mother-infant relationship. For this purpose, studies that evaluated the effects of EE during or after the MD or MS protocols on behavioral and neurobiological measures in rats and mice were retrieved. In total, 27 articles were included in this study and the parameters evaluated were: memory and cognition; anxious-like behavior; depressive-like behavior; social and prosocial behavior; alcohol consumption; body weight; neuroinflammatory aspects and pain; HPA axis activity; neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. EE seems to reverse most of the deleterious effects of MS on memory tasks. However, its effects on social, anxious and depressive behaviors and alcohol consumption are still controversial. Still, the results referring to the neurobiological aspects indicate an important effect of EE on the neurogenesis of several brain structures and an increase in the complexity of brain circuits. However, the evidence of interaction of this variable with neonatal stress protocols is still not conclusive.