Análise comparativa entre as regulamentações de agrotóxicos no Brasil, Estados Unidos e União Europeia e suas implicações no meio ambiente e na saúde
Data
2022-12-21
Autores
Silva, Isabella Boer Annes da 
Orientadores
Attanasio Junior, Mario Roberto
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Introdução: atualmente o Brasil ocupa posições relevantes no agronegócio mundial, se mantendo como um dos líderes do ramo agrícola e um dos maiores produtores e exportadores de alimentos, juntamente com EUA e UE. A ascensão da produção agrícola e do uso de agrotóxicos no país tem promovido constantes debates e o tema tem sido foco de pesquisas envolvendo proteção ambiental, saúde humana e segurança alimentar. Objetivos: analisar e comparar as políticas de regulamentação de 3 dos agrotóxicos mais vendidos no Brasil com a UE e EUA, visando compreender as similaridades e diferenças de cada legislação, bem como sua flexibilidade e complexidade na perspectiva de proteção do meio ambiente e da saúde humana. Materiais e Métodos: revisão narrativa da literatura nas bases de dados multidisciplinares Google Scholar e Scopus e na base de dados específica da área, a AGRICOLA, a partir de combinações de palavras-chaves. Foram selecionados 3 dos 10 ingredientes ativos mais vendidos do Brasil. Para fins de comparação de registro de agrotóxicos, realizou-se buscas de leis, decretos, relatórios e atos legislativos em sites oficiais das autoridades governamentais do Brasil, EUA e UE. Resultados e Discussões: O glifosato é o herbicida mais usado do mundo, tendo seu registro reavaliado no Brasil por conta de seus efeitos toxicológicos, sendo aprovado com ressalvas. Na UE o glifosato está aprovado até dezembro de 2022, com perspectiva de renovação do ingrediente ativo caso aprovado pela comunidade europeia. Já nos EUA, a renovação do glifosato vem gerando conflito visto que há discordância quanto aos resultados apresentados pelas empresas sobre riscos ambientais e de saúde. No Brasil, o mancozebe é atualmente autorizado para uso em 70 tipos de cultura. Na UE, foi banido na reavaliação de 2020, por se apresentar tóxico para humanos e animais. Nos EUA ele é aceito, desde que atenda as medidas de mitigação de riscos e o LMR imposto pela Agência. O acefato é um inseticida que também foi reavaliado no Brasil devido suspeitas de neurotoxicidade e carcinogenicidade. Na UE, este agrotóxico está banido desde 2003. Nos EUA o acefato está registrado e atualmente classificado como possível carcinogênico. Conclusão: a legislação brasileira de agrotóxicos, quando comparada com a regulamentação da UE e EUA, mostrou-se mais permissiva quanto à fiscalização e monitoramento de pesticidas pela falta de periodicidade na reavaliação de ingredientes ativos, validade de registro indeterminada, comercialização de produtos que são banidos em outras regiões e diferença significativa nos limites máximos de resíduos entre o Brasil e a UE, podendo contribuir para a disseminação de substâncias prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e à saúde.
Introduction: Brazil currently occupies relevant positions in world agribusiness, remaining as one of the leaders in the agricultural sector and one of the largest producers and exporters of food, along with the USA and the EU. The rise of agricultural production and the use of pesticides in the country has promoted constant debates and the topic has been the focus of research involving environmental protection, human health and food safety. Objectives: to analyze and compare the regulatory policies of 3 of the most sold pesticides in Brazil with the EU and the USA, aiming to understand the similarities and differences of each legislation, as well as its flexibility and complexity in terms of protecting the environment and human health. Materials and Methods: narrative review of the literature in the multidisciplinary databases Google Scholar and Scopus and in the specific database of the area, AGRICOLA, based on combinations of keywords. 3 of the 10 best-selling active ingredients in Brazil were selected. For the purpose of comparing the registration of pesticides, searches were carried out for laws, decrees, reports and legislative acts on official websites of government authorities in Brazil, the USA and the EU. Results and Discussion: Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the world, having its registration reevaluated in Brazil due to its toxicological effects, being approved with reservations. In the EU, glyphosate is approved until December 2022, with the prospect of renewing the active ingredient if approved by the European community. In the USA, however, the renewal of glyphosate has been generating conflict since there is disagreement regarding the results presented by companies on environmental and health risks. In Brazil, mancozeb is currently authorized for use in 70 types of crops. In the EU, it was banned in the 2020 reassessment, for being toxic to humans and animals. In the US it is accepted, provided it meets the risk mitigation measures and the MRL imposed by the Agency. Acephate is an insecticide that was also reassessed in Brazil due to suspicions of neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. In the EU, this pesticide has been banned since 2003. In the US, acephate is registered and currently classified as a possible carcinogen. Conclusion: Brazilian pesticide legislation, when compared to EU and US regulations, proved to be more permissive in terms of inspection and monitoring of pesticides due to the lack of periodicity in the reassessment of active ingredients, indeterminate registration validity, commercialization of products that are banned in other regions and significant difference in maximum residue limits between Brazil and the EU, which may contribute to the dissemination of substances harmful to the environment and health.
Introduction: Brazil currently occupies relevant positions in world agribusiness, remaining as one of the leaders in the agricultural sector and one of the largest producers and exporters of food, along with the USA and the EU. The rise of agricultural production and the use of pesticides in the country has promoted constant debates and the topic has been the focus of research involving environmental protection, human health and food safety. Objectives: to analyze and compare the regulatory policies of 3 of the most sold pesticides in Brazil with the EU and the USA, aiming to understand the similarities and differences of each legislation, as well as its flexibility and complexity in terms of protecting the environment and human health. Materials and Methods: narrative review of the literature in the multidisciplinary databases Google Scholar and Scopus and in the specific database of the area, AGRICOLA, based on combinations of keywords. 3 of the 10 best-selling active ingredients in Brazil were selected. For the purpose of comparing the registration of pesticides, searches were carried out for laws, decrees, reports and legislative acts on official websites of government authorities in Brazil, the USA and the EU. Results and Discussion: Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the world, having its registration reevaluated in Brazil due to its toxicological effects, being approved with reservations. In the EU, glyphosate is approved until December 2022, with the prospect of renewing the active ingredient if approved by the European community. In the USA, however, the renewal of glyphosate has been generating conflict since there is disagreement regarding the results presented by companies on environmental and health risks. In Brazil, mancozeb is currently authorized for use in 70 types of crops. In the EU, it was banned in the 2020 reassessment, for being toxic to humans and animals. In the US it is accepted, provided it meets the risk mitigation measures and the MRL imposed by the Agency. Acephate is an insecticide that was also reassessed in Brazil due to suspicions of neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. In the EU, this pesticide has been banned since 2003. In the US, acephate is registered and currently classified as a possible carcinogen. Conclusion: Brazilian pesticide legislation, when compared to EU and US regulations, proved to be more permissive in terms of inspection and monitoring of pesticides due to the lack of periodicity in the reassessment of active ingredients, indeterminate registration validity, commercialization of products that are banned in other regions and significant difference in maximum residue limits between Brazil and the EU, which may contribute to the dissemination of substances harmful to the environment and health.