Consumo de cannabis na adolescência e desenvolvimento de transtornos psicóticos
Data
2022-01-21
Autores
Branco, Beatriz Sanches [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Garcia, Raphael Caio Tamborelli [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso de graduação
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Introdução: a cannabis é a droga mais comumente utilizada no mundo inteiro. A
mudança sobre a percepção do risco do seu uso, atrelado ao isolamento social
proporcionado pela pandemia de COVID-19 culminaram com um aumento da
prevalência e frequência do uso, principalmente entre adolescentes.
Adicionalmente, nota-se um aumento da concentração de ∆9-THC nas últimas
décadas, que se relaciona com o aumento dos riscos à saúde dos usuários. Desde
1987 estudos apontam a relação entre o consumo de cannabis e o
desenvolvimento de transtornos psicóticos, principalmente esquizofrenia,
identificando que o período da adolescência possa ser um fator de risco. Objetivo:
realizar revisão de literatura sobre o consumo de cannabis na adolescência
atuando como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de psicoses e seus
possíveis mecanismos propostos até então. Método: busca em base de dados
PubMed, utilizando os termos: “psychosis, adolescente, cannabis” com descritor
“AND”. Estudos pertinentes ao assunto referenciados por esses primeiros foram
acrescidos. Inclusão de artigos na língua portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola. Foram
excluídos os que não faziam parte do escopo da revisão. Discussão e conclusão:
apesar da limitação dos estudos epidemiológicos, o volume e resultados
consistentes mostram inevitavelmente que o consumo de cannabis,
principalmente na adolescência, se relaciona com o desenvolvimento,
antecipação ou piora do prognóstico de transtornos psicóticos. O consumo
frequente, a potência da droga ou pré-disposição para psicoses são variáveis
importantes. As propostas mecanísticas incluem desbalanço de
neurotransmissores e alterações sinápticas, predisposições genéticas e
ambientais e fatores epigenéticos. A vulnerabilidade do adolescente se dá pela
maior suscetibilidade do sistema nervoso central a alterações permanentes e
maior probabilidade de se desenvolver dependência e, consequentemente, maior
frequência de uso da droga.
Introduction: Cannabis is the most commonly used drug worldwide. The change in its risk perception linked to the social isolation provided by the COVID-19 pandemic, culminated in an increase in the prevalence and frequency of use, especially among adolescents. Additionally, there has been an increase in the concentration of Δ9-THC in recent decades, which is related to the increase in health risks for users. Since 1987, studies have shown the relationship between cannabis use and the development of psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia, identifying that the period of adolescence can be a risk factor. Objective: to review the literature on cannabis use in adolescence acting as a risk factor for the development of psychosis and its possible mechanisms proposed until then. Method: search in PubMed database, using the terms: “psychosis, adolescent, cannabis” with the descriptor “AND”. Studies relevant to the subject referenced by these first ones were added. Inclusion of articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Those that were not within the scope of the review were excluded. Discussion and conclusion: despite the limitation of epidemiological studies, the volume and consistent results inevitably show that cannabis use, especially in adolescence, is related to the development, anticipation or worsening of the prognosis of psychotic disorders. Frequent use, drug potency or predisposition to psychosis are important variables. Mechanistic proposals include neurotransmitter imbalance and synaptic alterations, genetic and environmental predispositions and epigenetic factors. Adolescents' vulnerability is due to the greater susceptibility of the central nervous system to permanent alterations and greater probability of developing dependence and, consequently, greater frequency of drug use.
Introduction: Cannabis is the most commonly used drug worldwide. The change in its risk perception linked to the social isolation provided by the COVID-19 pandemic, culminated in an increase in the prevalence and frequency of use, especially among adolescents. Additionally, there has been an increase in the concentration of Δ9-THC in recent decades, which is related to the increase in health risks for users. Since 1987, studies have shown the relationship between cannabis use and the development of psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia, identifying that the period of adolescence can be a risk factor. Objective: to review the literature on cannabis use in adolescence acting as a risk factor for the development of psychosis and its possible mechanisms proposed until then. Method: search in PubMed database, using the terms: “psychosis, adolescent, cannabis” with the descriptor “AND”. Studies relevant to the subject referenced by these first ones were added. Inclusion of articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Those that were not within the scope of the review were excluded. Discussion and conclusion: despite the limitation of epidemiological studies, the volume and consistent results inevitably show that cannabis use, especially in adolescence, is related to the development, anticipation or worsening of the prognosis of psychotic disorders. Frequent use, drug potency or predisposition to psychosis are important variables. Mechanistic proposals include neurotransmitter imbalance and synaptic alterations, genetic and environmental predispositions and epigenetic factors. Adolescents' vulnerability is due to the greater susceptibility of the central nervous system to permanent alterations and greater probability of developing dependence and, consequently, greater frequency of drug use.