Modulação da resposta imunológica induzida por vesículas extracelulares liberadas por parasitas
Data
2021-07-29
Autores
Nonato, Jessica Correia 
Orientadores
Xander, Patricia
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Vesículas extracelulares (VEs) são partículas liberadas por praticamente todos os tipos celulares. A principal função de VEs é a comunicação célula-célula já que podem carrear diferentes tipos de moléculas (proteínas, lipídeos, RNAs) de uma célula para outra, podendo alterar as vias de sinalização da célula receptora. Esse tipo de comunicação também pode ocorrer entre parasitas e hospedeiro, na qual entre outras funções essas VEs podem modular a resposta imunológica. Doenças parasitárias, causadas por protozoários e helmintos, ainda são a causa de muitas mortes no mundo, especialmente em países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Embora muitos avanços no conhecimento dessas doenças tenham sido alcançados nos últimos anos, o papel de VEs no contexto das parasitoses ainda é tema pouco abordado pela comunidade científica. Com o objetivo de compreender melhor o papel de VEs no desenvolvimento e progressão das doenças causadas por parasitas, nesse trabalho foi realizada revisão bibliográfica dos trabalhos científicos envolvendo o tema VEs e as principais parasitoses no Brasil, a saber: leishmanioses, doença de Chagas, toxoplasmose, malária, giardíase, tricomoníase, esquistossomose, ancilostomose e fasciolose. Também foram abordados aspectos do ciclo de vida dos parasitas correspondentes, epidemiologia e formas clínicas das doenças. Nosso trabalho de revisão identificou que VEs liberadas pelos parasitas abordados, interagem com as células do hospedeiro e, na maioria dos estudos, houve facilitação da infecção e modulação do sistema imunológico. No entanto, modelos vacinais utilizando VEs também tem sido propostos. Assim, o estudo de VEs liberadas por parasitas poderá futuramente contribuir para a inovação terapêutica, diagnóstica e no desenvolvimento de alternativas vacinais.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released by virtually all cell types. The main function of EVs is cell-cell communication as they can carry different types of molecules (proteins, lipids, RNAs) from one cell to another, altering the signaling pathways of the receiving cell. This type of communication can also occur between parasites and hosts. Among other functions, these VEs can modulate the immune response. Parasitic diseases, caused by protozoa and helminths, are still the cause of many deaths globally, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. Although many advances in the knowledge of these diseases have been achieved in recent years, the role of EVs in the context of parasitic diseases is still a topic that the scientific community has little discussed. In order to better understand the role of EVs in the development and progression of diseases caused by parasites, this work carried out a bibliographical review of scientific works involving the theme EVs and the major parasitic diseases in Brazil, namely: leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, malaria, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, schistosomiasis, hookworm, and fasciolosis. In addition, the life cycle of the corresponding parasites, epidemiology, and clinical forms of the diseases was also addressed. Our review identified that EVs released by the studied parasites interact with host cells. In most studies, there was the facilitation of infection and modulation of the immune system. However, vaccine models using EVs have also been proposed. Thus, the study of EVs released by parasites may in the future contribute to therapeutic and diagnostic innovation and in the development of vaccine alternatives.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released by virtually all cell types. The main function of EVs is cell-cell communication as they can carry different types of molecules (proteins, lipids, RNAs) from one cell to another, altering the signaling pathways of the receiving cell. This type of communication can also occur between parasites and hosts. Among other functions, these VEs can modulate the immune response. Parasitic diseases, caused by protozoa and helminths, are still the cause of many deaths globally, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. Although many advances in the knowledge of these diseases have been achieved in recent years, the role of EVs in the context of parasitic diseases is still a topic that the scientific community has little discussed. In order to better understand the role of EVs in the development and progression of diseases caused by parasites, this work carried out a bibliographical review of scientific works involving the theme EVs and the major parasitic diseases in Brazil, namely: leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, malaria, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, schistosomiasis, hookworm, and fasciolosis. In addition, the life cycle of the corresponding parasites, epidemiology, and clinical forms of the diseases was also addressed. Our review identified that EVs released by the studied parasites interact with host cells. In most studies, there was the facilitation of infection and modulation of the immune system. However, vaccine models using EVs have also been proposed. Thus, the study of EVs released by parasites may in the future contribute to therapeutic and diagnostic innovation and in the development of vaccine alternatives.