O gênero Trichaptum (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) na Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
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Data
2018-12-12
Autores
Lima, Leticia dos Santos Dantas [UNIFESP]
Orientadores
Oliveira, Julio Cezar Franco de [UNIFESP]
Tipo
Trabalho de conclusão de curso de graduação
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Desenvolvido na Mata Atlântica brasileira por este ser um dos biomas mais diversos
e ameaçados devido à alta fragmentação de hábitat e desmatamento, mesmo que,
em grande parte, destruído, colocando em risco a sobrevivência de incontáveis
espécies, o bioma ainda abriga um grande número de espécies de fungos, os quais
continuam inexplorados do ponto de vista taxonômico. Este projeto apresenta uma
revisão monográfica do gênero Trichaptum que ocorrem na Mata Atlântica do estado
de São Paulo, com ênfase em caracteres morfológicos e moleculares, estabelecendo
características de valor taxonômico para identificação e diagnoses das espécies. O
gênero em estudo inclui espécies caracterizadas macroscopicamente pelos
basidiomas ressupinados a pileados, com himenóforo variável, podendo ser irpicóide,
lamelado ou com poros, e microscopicamente pelo sistema hifal dimítico, os
basidiosporos cilíndricos e a presença de cistídios. Todas as espécies do grupo são
saprófitas e causam podridão branca na madeira. Das vinte espécies aceitas para o
gênero, nove têm sido registradas no Brasil e somente uma destas espécies tem sido
utilizada como representante da região neotropical nas atuais hipóteses filogenéticas
do gênero. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na aquisição dos materiais através de
coletas e seleção de espécimes depositados em herbários, as análises morfológica e
molecular, e as inferências filogenéticas. Para análise morfológica, são observados os
caracteres macro e microscópicos do basidioma, através do uso de lupa
estereoscópica e microscópio óptico. A análise molecular consiste na extração de
DNA, amplificação das regiões ITS e LSU com uso de primers e metodologias
específicos e sequenciamento. Por fim, as inferências filogenéticas foram feitas
através de softwares, seguindo os passos de edição das sequências, alinhamento e
inferência com uso de Máxima Verossimilhança. Dentre as seis espécies citadas para
o estado de São Paulo, três tiveram registros confirmados, assim como a comparação
morfológica e análise filogenética apontam a ocorrência de quatro novas espécies
para o estado. Dentre as coletas realizadas, totalizou-se vinte e três materiais
pertencentes ao gênero Trichaptum. A partir dos materiais coletados foram realizadas
extrações de DNA de dezenove materiais e obtidas sequências das regiões ITS e LSU
de cinco espécies, totalizando doze sequências. Junto a análise morfológica de 75
espécimes do Herbário SP e Herbários internacionais, assim como a identificação dos
materiais coletados, as inferências filogenéticas trouxeram novas incógnitas e
questionamentos, através da formação de clados monofiléticos consistentes com
diversas espécies. As análises filogenéticas incluíram setenta e sete sequências de
diferentes espécies do gênero, formando doze clados monofiléticos. Os resultados
apontaram que uma das espécies confirmada para o estado, Trichaptum sector,
apresenta um espectro de variações morfológicas, podendo na verdade ser um
complexo de espécies. Outro clado de importância comprovou que os espécimes
LL83, LL86 e RP129 diferem de Trichaptum byssogenum, resultado já apontado pela
morfologia. Além disso, constatou-se que certos fatores como a distribuição
geográfica interferem diretamente na confirmação das espécies para o estado assim
como é evidente a necessidade de continuidade da revisão taxonômica do gênero
utilizando análises moleculares e caracteres macro e microscópicos.
Developed in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, one of the most diverse and threatened biome due to the high habitat fragmentation and deforestation, even though, largely destroyed, risking the survival of countless species, the biome stills sheltering a large number of fungi species, which continuous unexplored by the taxonomic view. This project presents a monographic revision of the genus Trichaptum that occurs in São Paulo’s state Atlantic Forest, emphasing on morphologic and molecular characters, establishing taxonomic characteristics for species’ identification and diagnosis. The studied genus includes species macroscopically featured by resupinated to pileated basidiomata, with a variable hymenophore that can be irpicoid, lamellate or with pores and microscopically recognized by the dimitic hyphal system, cylindrical basidiospores and the presence of cystidia. The group’s species are saprophytes and cause a whit rot. Among the twenty species that are accepted for the genus, nine have been registered in Brazil and only one of them has been used as the neotropical representant in actual phylogenetic hipotesis for the genus. The methodology consisted in acquiring the materials through collect and select the specimen depposited in herbaria, followed by the morphologic and molecular analysis, and so the phylogenetic inferences. For the morphological analysis, the macro and microscopical characters of the basidiome are observed using the stereoscopic magnifying glass and optical microscope. The molecular analysis consists in DNA extraction, amplifying the ITS and LSU regions using specific primers and methodology, and the sequencing. Then the phylogenetic inferences were made using softwares, with the sequences’ edition, lining up and inferring by maximum likelihood methods. Among the six species cited for São Paulo, only three had its registers confirmed, as well as the morphological and phylogenetic comparison point the ocurrence of four new species for the state. Among the collections, there were twentythree materials from the genus Trichaptum. The DNA’s extraction of nineteen collected materials were carried and obtained twelve sequences of ITS and LSU regions from five species. With the morphological analysis of 75 specimens from SP Herbarium and international herbaria, and identification of the collected materials, the phylogenetical inferences brought new questioning, through the formation of consistent monophyletic clades with many species. The phylogenetic analyses included seventy-seven sequences of different species, forming twelve monophyletic clades. The results pointed to one of the confirmed species for the state, Trichaptum sector, presenting a morphological variation, actually being a species complex. Another important clade comproved that specimens LL83, LL86 and RP129 differ from Trichaptum byssogenum, results already appointed by morphology. In addition, some factors as the geographical distribution directly interferes in the species confirmation for the state, as a evidence about continuous the necessity of the taxonomic revision for the genus using the molecular analysis and macro and microscopic characters.
Developed in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, one of the most diverse and threatened biome due to the high habitat fragmentation and deforestation, even though, largely destroyed, risking the survival of countless species, the biome stills sheltering a large number of fungi species, which continuous unexplored by the taxonomic view. This project presents a monographic revision of the genus Trichaptum that occurs in São Paulo’s state Atlantic Forest, emphasing on morphologic and molecular characters, establishing taxonomic characteristics for species’ identification and diagnosis. The studied genus includes species macroscopically featured by resupinated to pileated basidiomata, with a variable hymenophore that can be irpicoid, lamellate or with pores and microscopically recognized by the dimitic hyphal system, cylindrical basidiospores and the presence of cystidia. The group’s species are saprophytes and cause a whit rot. Among the twenty species that are accepted for the genus, nine have been registered in Brazil and only one of them has been used as the neotropical representant in actual phylogenetic hipotesis for the genus. The methodology consisted in acquiring the materials through collect and select the specimen depposited in herbaria, followed by the morphologic and molecular analysis, and so the phylogenetic inferences. For the morphological analysis, the macro and microscopical characters of the basidiome are observed using the stereoscopic magnifying glass and optical microscope. The molecular analysis consists in DNA extraction, amplifying the ITS and LSU regions using specific primers and methodology, and the sequencing. Then the phylogenetic inferences were made using softwares, with the sequences’ edition, lining up and inferring by maximum likelihood methods. Among the six species cited for São Paulo, only three had its registers confirmed, as well as the morphological and phylogenetic comparison point the ocurrence of four new species for the state. Among the collections, there were twentythree materials from the genus Trichaptum. The DNA’s extraction of nineteen collected materials were carried and obtained twelve sequences of ITS and LSU regions from five species. With the morphological analysis of 75 specimens from SP Herbarium and international herbaria, and identification of the collected materials, the phylogenetical inferences brought new questioning, through the formation of consistent monophyletic clades with many species. The phylogenetic analyses included seventy-seven sequences of different species, forming twelve monophyletic clades. The results pointed to one of the confirmed species for the state, Trichaptum sector, presenting a morphological variation, actually being a species complex. Another important clade comproved that specimens LL83, LL86 and RP129 differ from Trichaptum byssogenum, results already appointed by morphology. In addition, some factors as the geographical distribution directly interferes in the species confirmation for the state, as a evidence about continuous the necessity of the taxonomic revision for the genus using the molecular analysis and macro and microscopic characters.