A experimentação no ensino de física com o uso da eletrônica: possibilidades e desafios para a formação de professores
Data
2019
Autores
Neves, Defferson Rodrigues Martins das 
Orientadores
Forato, Thaís Cyrino de Mello
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
A experimentação no Ensino de Ciências (EC) é um assunto extensa e profundamente
investigado no meio acadêmico. O tema está presente em teses, dissertações, artigos e nos
documentos oficiais que tratam da educação no país, e as análises realizadas por meio desses
trabalhos recaem comumente sobre o papel do professor, do aluno e da estrutura da educação
no Brasil. As conclusões desses estudos apontam, frequentemente, para a necessidade de
melhorias e de mudanças procedimentais ou estruturais sobre a prática experimental no EC.
Paralelamente a esses apontamentos, atualmente, tem-se observado um crescente volume de
pesquisas que relatam a utilização de componentes eletrônicos simples e de plataformas de
computação física no desenvolvimento de experimentos para o EC, principalmente para o
Ensino de Física. Uma análise preliminar, dessas publicações indica que essa classe de
experimento impacta com alguns dos problemas relacionados à experimentação no EC, por
exemplo, o custo elevado dos equipamentos e dos materiais e a falta de espaço físico para sua
realização. Segundo alguns autores, agregar a eletroeletrônica, dá mais qualidade aos
experimentos, favorece a compreensão da tecnologia cotidiana atual, possibilita discutir
aspectos relacionados à natureza das Ciências e realizar medidas quantitativas por meio de
experimentos de baixo custo. O tema é relevante para o atual cenário do Ensino de Ciências no
Brasil. Sendo assim, essa pesquisa teve como intenção saber como os professores oriundos do
curso de licenciatura em Ciências da UNIFESP Diadema elaboram, desenvolvem e utilizam os
experimentos com eletroeletrônica, bem como, conhecer suas percepções e impressões sobre o
tipo de experimento em questão. Nesse intuito, inicialmente empreendemos a análise de alguns
importantes referenciais sobre a experimentação no EC, que nos esclareceu alguns dos nossos
questionamentos iniciais. Em seguida, lançamos mão de outros dois instrumentos de pesquisa,
a entrevista de alunos oriundos do curso de licenciatura que já haviam realizado experimentos
com as características de interesse, e a observação participante durante aulas práticas nas quais
os professores em formação deveriam realizar experimentos com componentes e dispositivos
eletroeletrônicos. As informações provenientes das entrevistas foram avaliadas por meio da
análise de conteúdo. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, os dados obtidos por meio desses
dois instrumentos foram analisados com base nos pressupostos teóricos da aprendizagem
significativa, da resolução de problemas e da teoria histórico-cultural. Os dados levantados
aproximam os aspectos relacionados à experimentação com o uso da eletroeletrônica à
experimentação no Ensino de Ciências de uma forma ampla. Muitos dos óbices encontrados
são comuns à experimentação de maneira geral, outros parecem ter mais relação com a
utilização da eletroeletrônica, como foram os casos da dificuldade em adaptar o experimento
ao nível de cognição dos alunos, o pouco conhecimento das características dos componentes e
dispositivos eletroeletrônicos e o receio em colocar a integridade física dos alunos em risco.
Além das dificuldades, também foi possível conhecer interessantes soluções empregadas pelos
professores oriundos da UNIFESP, por exemplo, a adaptação e o reaproveitamento de materiais
e a utilização da modelagem matemática como estratégia associada ao experimento. Essa
pesquisa originou também dois outros materiais, um plano de unidade de ensino com um
conjunto de quatro aulas com o objetivo de preparar o professor para a prática experimental
com o uso da eletroeletrônica e um catálogo de partes, peças e componentes que podem ser
reaproveitados de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos em desuso, danificados ou obsoletos.
Experimentation in Science Teaching is an extensive and deeply researched subject in academia. The theme is present in theses, dissertations, articles and in the official documents that deal with education in the country, and the analyzes carried out through these works usually fall on the role of the teacher, the student and the structure of education in Brazil. The conclusions of these studies often point to the need for procedural or structural improvements and changes over the experimental practice in Science Teaching. Parallel to these notes, there has been a growing volume of researches that report the use of simple electronic components and physical computing platforms in the development of experiments for the Science Teaching, mainly for Physics Teaching. A preliminary analysis of these publications indicates that this class of experiment has an impact on some of the problems related to Science Teaching experimentation, for example, the high cost of equipment and materials and the lack of physical space for its realization. According to some authors, to add the electroelectronics, gives more quality to the experiments, favors the understanding of the current day-to-day technology, allows to discuss aspects related to the nature of the Sciences and to carry out quantitative measures through experiments of low cost. The theme is relevant to the current scenario of Science Education in Brazil. Thus, this research had as an intension to know how the professors coming from the degree in Sciences of UNIFESP Diadema elaborate, develop and use the experiments with electroelectronics, as well as, to know their perceptions and impressions about the type of experiment in question. In this sense, we initially undertake the analysis of some important references on experimentation in the Science Teaching, which clarified some of our initial questions. Next, we used two other research instruments, the interview of undergraduate students who had already performed experiments with the characteristics of interest, and participant observation during practical classes in which the teachers in training were to perform experiments with components and electrical and electronic devices. The information from the interviews was evaluated through content analysis. From a qualitative approach, the data obtained through these two instruments were analyzed based on the theoretical assumptions of meaningful learning, problem solving, and historical-cultural theory. The data gathered approximate the aspects related to experimentation with the use of electro-electronics to the experimentation in Science Teaching in a broad way. Many of the obstacles encountered are common to experimentation in general, others seem to be more related to the use of electronics, such as the difficulty in adapting the experiment to the level of students' cognition, lack of knowledge of the characteristics of the components and electronic devices and the fear of putting the physical integrity of students at risk. Besides the difficulties, it was also possible to know interesting solutions used by professors from UNIFESP, for example, the adaptation and reuse of materials and the use of mathematical modeling as a strategy associated with the experiment. This research also originated two other materials, a teaching unit plan with a set of four classes with the objective of preparing the teacher for the experimental practice with the use of electronics and a catalog of parts, pieces and components that can be reused of obsolete, damaged or obsolete electronic equipment.
Experimentation in Science Teaching is an extensive and deeply researched subject in academia. The theme is present in theses, dissertations, articles and in the official documents that deal with education in the country, and the analyzes carried out through these works usually fall on the role of the teacher, the student and the structure of education in Brazil. The conclusions of these studies often point to the need for procedural or structural improvements and changes over the experimental practice in Science Teaching. Parallel to these notes, there has been a growing volume of researches that report the use of simple electronic components and physical computing platforms in the development of experiments for the Science Teaching, mainly for Physics Teaching. A preliminary analysis of these publications indicates that this class of experiment has an impact on some of the problems related to Science Teaching experimentation, for example, the high cost of equipment and materials and the lack of physical space for its realization. According to some authors, to add the electroelectronics, gives more quality to the experiments, favors the understanding of the current day-to-day technology, allows to discuss aspects related to the nature of the Sciences and to carry out quantitative measures through experiments of low cost. The theme is relevant to the current scenario of Science Education in Brazil. Thus, this research had as an intension to know how the professors coming from the degree in Sciences of UNIFESP Diadema elaborate, develop and use the experiments with electroelectronics, as well as, to know their perceptions and impressions about the type of experiment in question. In this sense, we initially undertake the analysis of some important references on experimentation in the Science Teaching, which clarified some of our initial questions. Next, we used two other research instruments, the interview of undergraduate students who had already performed experiments with the characteristics of interest, and participant observation during practical classes in which the teachers in training were to perform experiments with components and electrical and electronic devices. The information from the interviews was evaluated through content analysis. From a qualitative approach, the data obtained through these two instruments were analyzed based on the theoretical assumptions of meaningful learning, problem solving, and historical-cultural theory. The data gathered approximate the aspects related to experimentation with the use of electro-electronics to the experimentation in Science Teaching in a broad way. Many of the obstacles encountered are common to experimentation in general, others seem to be more related to the use of electronics, such as the difficulty in adapting the experiment to the level of students' cognition, lack of knowledge of the characteristics of the components and electronic devices and the fear of putting the physical integrity of students at risk. Besides the difficulties, it was also possible to know interesting solutions used by professors from UNIFESP, for example, the adaptation and reuse of materials and the use of mathematical modeling as a strategy associated with the experiment. This research also originated two other materials, a teaching unit plan with a set of four classes with the objective of preparing the teacher for the experimental practice with the use of electronics and a catalog of parts, pieces and components that can be reused of obsolete, damaged or obsolete electronic equipment.