Plantas com possíveis fins medicinais e/ou profiláticos utilizadas por humanos e bugios-ruivos (Alouatta clamitans Cabrera,1940): um estudo comparativo
Data
2013-09-27
Autores
Santos, Thabata Soares Damasceno dos 
Orientadores
Rodrigues, Eliana
Tipo
Dissertação de mestrado
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Resumo
Atualmente a busca por novos fármacos para a cura das mais diversas doenças, tem sido foco de intensa investigação por pesquisadores das várias áreas do conhecimento. Dentre elas, a etnofarmacologia se destaca, pois estuda a aplicação dos recursos naturais pela medicina popular/tradicional de diversas culturas do planeta. No entanto, não é privilégio apenas dos seres humanos a utilização desses recursos para fins medicinais, também há inúmeros registros de animais que utilizam plantas para fins medicinais ou profiláticos. Com base nesses relatos, surgiu a zoofarmacognosia que propõe o estudo da auto-medicação de animais silvestres por meio de plantas em ambiente natural. O presente estudo teve como objetivo observar a utilização de plantas para tratamento e/ou prevenção de parasitoses por bugios-ruivos em habitat natural, e compará-las com dados farmacológicos e etnofarmacológicos previstos em literatura científica. Foi realizada a observação do comportamento geral e alimentar de um grupo de bugios-ruivos durante as estações seca e chuvosa do ano de 2012, suas fezes foram coletadas para análise parasitológica e as plantas consumidas por eles foram coletadas e identificadas taxonomicamente. Em seguida, foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos farmacológicos para verificar quais plantas consumidas pelos bugios possuem atividade antiparasitária. O comportamento dos indivíduos foi registrado durante 30 dias, totalizando 360 horas de observação direta. Durante a estação chuvosa a maior parte das atividades diárias dos bugios foi gasta em descanso (54%), seguida por alimentação (21%), locomoção (9%), fora de observação (15%) e outros (1%). Já durante a estação seca, obteve-se maior gasto em descanso (68%) e em outros (2%), e menor em alimentação (18%), locomoção (8%) e fora de observação (4%). Com relação ao comportamento alimentar foram amostradas 200 árvores, pertencentes a 84 espécies vegetais, representadas por 39 famílias. Entre os itens vegetais consumidos, predominam as folhas (91,7%), seguidos pelos frutos (8,3%). Durante a estação chuvosa, do total de registros alimentares obtidos, 86% foram em consumo de folhas, 9% em frutos imaturos e 5% em frutos maduros. Já durante a estação seca, obteve-se 78% de registros de folhas e 22% de frutos maduros. Das 84 espécies registradas, 37 foram consumidas durante os quadros de parasitose diagnosticados durante análises laboratoriais realizadas com as 78 amostras de fezes coletadas. Os parasitas detectados nas amostras fecais foram: Trypanoxyuris minutus e Giardia duodenale. Das 37 espécies consumidas, três apresentam atividade antiparasitária descritas na literatura farmacológica: Croton floribundus, Psychotria longipes e Zanthoxylum rhoifolium. Já as plantas que apresentam atividade antiparasitária descritas na literatura farmacológica no período em que não houveram parasitas detectados nas amostras fecais coletadas são: Mangifera indica, Andira anthelmia e Hovenia dulcis. Tais resultados demonstram que as plantas com fins antiparasitários consumidas durante os quadros de parasitose podem indicar um possível finalidade de auto-medicação, enquanto as plantas com fins antiparasitários consumidas no período em que não houveram parasitas detectados nas amostras fecais, podem indicar um possível efeito quimioprofilático por meio da dieta habitual dos primatas. Além disso, tais plantas podem indicar novos potenciais bioativos para a medicina veterinária e humana a serem investigados em futuros estudos farmacológicos. Contudo, ainda são necessários mais estudos de farmacologia sobre as plantas presentes na dieta dos animais, além de outros estudos de zoofarmacognosia para melhor compreensão da relação entre primatas, parasitas e auto-medicação.
Currently the search of new drugs for the cure of various diseases has been the focus of intense investigation by researchers from various fields of knowledge. Among them, the ethnopharmacology stands out because it studies the application of natural resources by popular/traditional medicine from many cultures around the world. However, is not a privilege restricted to humans the use of such resources for medicinal purposes, there are also many records of animals utilizing plants for medicinal or prophylactic purposes. Based on these reports, emerged zoofarmacognosy, that investigates the self-medication of wild animals by plants in a natural environment. The present study aimed to observe the use of plants for treatment or prevention of parasitic diseases by brown howler monkeys in their natural habitat, and compare them with pharmacological and ethnopharmacological data provided in scientific literature. The feeding behavior and general behavior of a brown howler monkey group was observed during the dry and rainy season of 2012, and their feces were collected for subsequent parasitological analysis, the plants consumed by them were collected and identified taxonomically. Then, pharmacological bibliography was verified to see which plants consumed by the howlers have antiparasitic activity. The behavior of the individuals was recorded during 30 days, totaling 360 hours of direct observation. During the rainy season most of the daily activities of the howlers was spent at resting (54%), followed by feeding (21%), locomotion (9%), out of observation (15%) and other (1%). During the dry season, we obtained higher spending at resting (68%) and other (2%), and less on feeding (18%), locomotion (8%) and out of observation (4%). With respect to feeding behavior were sampled 200 trees belonging to 84 species, represented by 39 families. Among the consumed vegetables, leaves predominate (91,7%), followed by fruits (8,3%). During the rainy season, from the total feeding record obtained, 86% was spent in leaves consumption, 9% on immature fruits and 5% on ripe fruit. During the dry season, was recorded 78% on leaves consumption and 22% on ripe fruits. Of the 84 species recorded, 37 were consumed during the frames of parasitosis, diagnosed during laboratory analyzes performed with the 78 feces samples collected. The parasites detected in fecal samples were: Trypanoxyuris minutus and Giardia duodenale. Of the 37 species consumed three exhibit antiparasitic activity described in pharmacological literature: Croton floribundus, Psychotria longipes and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium. The plants that have antiparasitic activity described in pharmacological literature in the period in which there were no parasites detected in fecal samples collected are: Mangifera indica, Andira anthelmia and Hovenia dulcis. These results demonstrate that plants 4 with antiparasitic purposes consumed during the frames of parasitosis may indicate a possible purpose of self-medication, while plants with antiparasitic purposes consumed in the period in which there were no parasites detected in fecal samples may indicate a possible effect of chemoprophylaxis through the usual diet of primates. In addition, such plants may indicate new potential bioactives for human and veterinary medicine to be investigated in future pharmacological studies. However, more studies are still required at pharmacology of plants in the diet of animals, as well as on zoofarmacognosy to better understand the relationship between primates, parasites and self-medication.
Currently the search of new drugs for the cure of various diseases has been the focus of intense investigation by researchers from various fields of knowledge. Among them, the ethnopharmacology stands out because it studies the application of natural resources by popular/traditional medicine from many cultures around the world. However, is not a privilege restricted to humans the use of such resources for medicinal purposes, there are also many records of animals utilizing plants for medicinal or prophylactic purposes. Based on these reports, emerged zoofarmacognosy, that investigates the self-medication of wild animals by plants in a natural environment. The present study aimed to observe the use of plants for treatment or prevention of parasitic diseases by brown howler monkeys in their natural habitat, and compare them with pharmacological and ethnopharmacological data provided in scientific literature. The feeding behavior and general behavior of a brown howler monkey group was observed during the dry and rainy season of 2012, and their feces were collected for subsequent parasitological analysis, the plants consumed by them were collected and identified taxonomically. Then, pharmacological bibliography was verified to see which plants consumed by the howlers have antiparasitic activity. The behavior of the individuals was recorded during 30 days, totaling 360 hours of direct observation. During the rainy season most of the daily activities of the howlers was spent at resting (54%), followed by feeding (21%), locomotion (9%), out of observation (15%) and other (1%). During the dry season, we obtained higher spending at resting (68%) and other (2%), and less on feeding (18%), locomotion (8%) and out of observation (4%). With respect to feeding behavior were sampled 200 trees belonging to 84 species, represented by 39 families. Among the consumed vegetables, leaves predominate (91,7%), followed by fruits (8,3%). During the rainy season, from the total feeding record obtained, 86% was spent in leaves consumption, 9% on immature fruits and 5% on ripe fruit. During the dry season, was recorded 78% on leaves consumption and 22% on ripe fruits. Of the 84 species recorded, 37 were consumed during the frames of parasitosis, diagnosed during laboratory analyzes performed with the 78 feces samples collected. The parasites detected in fecal samples were: Trypanoxyuris minutus and Giardia duodenale. Of the 37 species consumed three exhibit antiparasitic activity described in pharmacological literature: Croton floribundus, Psychotria longipes and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium. The plants that have antiparasitic activity described in pharmacological literature in the period in which there were no parasites detected in fecal samples collected are: Mangifera indica, Andira anthelmia and Hovenia dulcis. These results demonstrate that plants 4 with antiparasitic purposes consumed during the frames of parasitosis may indicate a possible purpose of self-medication, while plants with antiparasitic purposes consumed in the period in which there were no parasites detected in fecal samples may indicate a possible effect of chemoprophylaxis through the usual diet of primates. In addition, such plants may indicate new potential bioactives for human and veterinary medicine to be investigated in future pharmacological studies. However, more studies are still required at pharmacology of plants in the diet of animals, as well as on zoofarmacognosy to better understand the relationship between primates, parasites and self-medication.
Descrição
Citação
SANTOS, Thabata Soares Damasceno dos. Plantas com possíveis fins medicinais e/ou profiláticos utilizadas por humanos e bugios-ruivos (Alouatta clamitans Cabrera,1940): um estudo comparativo. 2013. 55 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, 2013.