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- ItemSomente MetadadadosANALYSIS of A 23-GAUGE ULTRA HIGH-SPEED CUTTER WITH DUTY CYCLE CONTROL(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013-05-01) Diniz, Bruno [UNIFESP]; Fernandes, Rodrigo B. [UNIFESP]; Ribeiro, Ramiro M.; Lue, Jaw-Chyng; Teixeira, Anderson G. [UNIFESP]; Magalhaes, Octaviano [UNIFESP]; Maia, Mauricio [UNIFESP]; Humayun, Mark S.; Doheny Eye Inst; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Hosp Evangel Curitiba FEMPAR; Univ So CalifPurpose: the purpose of the study was to determine the performance of dual pneumatic ultra high-speed 23-gauge cutters operated with variable duty cycle (DC) settings.Methods: Frame-by-frame analysis of high-speed video was used to determine the DC in core, 50-50, and shave modes. Using three cutters at various cycles per minute and aspiration levels, mass of water or vitreous removed from a vial was measured within a specified time period. Average flow rates were calculated for each aspiration level and cut rate with the different DC options.Results: the DC increased with increasing cut rate in the shave mode was relatively stable in the 50-50 mode and decreased for the core mode. the DC converged at 5,000 cycles per minute for the 3 different modes. Water flow curves followed the DC variation. Vitreous flow rates for all the DC modes increased with increasing cut rates and peaked at 5,000 cycles per minute (P < 0.05). the results of the 50-50 mode, which had isolated the DC influence, showed that increasing aspiration and/or cut rate independently increased the vitreous flow rate.Conclusion: Progressive values of aspiration and/or cut rate increase the vitreous flow rate, independently of the DC. the DC control also has an important effect on the vitreous flow, but this effect was reduced at high cut rates because of convergence of the DC modes. RETINA 33: 933-938, 2013
- ItemSomente MetadadadosANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF SYMPTOMATIC IDIOPATHIC VITREOMACULAR TRACTION: A Natural History Study From the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study Group(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016) Wu, Lihteh; Zas, Marcelo; Berrocal, Maria H.; Arevalo, J. Fernando; Figueroa, Marta; Rodriguez, Francisco; Serrano, Martin; Graue, Federico; Alezzandrini, Arturo; Gallego-Pinazo, Roberto; Roca, Jose A.; Iglicki, Matias; Dalma-Weishauz, Jose; Kozak, Igor; Collado, Alberto; Badal, Josep; Maia, Mauricio [UNIFESP]; Salcedo-Villanueva, Guillermo; Quiroz-Mercado, Hugo; Fromow-Guerra, Jans; Lozano-Rechy, David; Avila, Marcos; Chhablani, JayPurpose:To describe the natural history of eyes with symptomatic idiopathic vitreomacular traction (VMT).Methods:Retrospective multicenter study of 168 eyes with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings consistent with idiopathic VMT. All eyes were graded according to SD-OCT findings. Grade 1 was defined as incomplete cortical vitreous separation with foveal attachment. Grade 2 was defined as Grade 1 plus intraretinal cysts or clefts. Grade 3 was defined as Grade 2 plus a foveal detachment. All patients were followed for at least 6 months.Results:There were 168 patients (51 men) with a mean age of 68.8 10.7 years. Patients were followed for a mean of 22.7 +/- 20.1 months. The mean duration of symptoms before the initial presentation was 3.65 +/- 5.42 months. At baseline, 72 eyes had Grade 1, 74 eyes had Grade 2, and 22 eyes had Grade 3 SD-OCT findings. Over the follow-up period, 36 eyes (21.4%) had spontaneous resolution of the VMT with normalization of the foveal anatomy. The mean time to resolution was 12.3 +/- 12.6 months. An unfavorable anatomical outcome occurred in 7.7% (13 of 168) of the eyes, with 6 eyes developing a lamellar macular hole and 7 eyes developing a full-thickness macular hole. This occurred at a mean of 10.3 +/- 10.7 months after the presentation. Subgroup analysis based on baseline SD-OCT grade showed that 4.1% (3 of 73) of Grade 1 eyes compared with 6.8% (5 of 74) of Grade 2 eyes, and 23.8% (5 of 21) of Grade 3 eyes developed a full-thickness macular hole or lamellar macular hole (P = 0.0109, chi-square test). In the remaining 119 eyes, at the last follow-up, 65 eyes had Grade 1, 42 eyes had Grade 2, and 12 eyes had Grade 3 VMT. On average, the best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.40 +/- 0.35 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Snellen, 20/50) at baseline to 0.35 +/- 0.36 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Snellen, 20/45
- ItemSomente MetadadadosCOMPARISON of 20-, 23-, and 25-GAUGE AIR INFUSION FORCES(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011-11-01) Machado, Leonardo Martins [UNIFESP]; Magalhaes, Octaviano [UNIFESP]; Maia, Mauricio [UNIFESP]; Rodrigues, Eduardo B. [UNIFESP]; Farah, Michel Eid [UNIFESP]; Ismail, Kamal A. R.; Molon, Leandro; Oliveira, Danilo A.; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Purpose: To determine and compare 20-, 23-, and 25-gauge retinal infusion air jet impact pressure (force per unit area) in an experimental setting.Methods: Experimental laboratory investigation. Infusion cannulas were connected to a compressed air system. A controlled valve mechanism was used to obtain increasing levels of infusion pressure. Each infusion tube was positioned in front of a manual transducer to measure force. Impact pressure was calculated using known formulas in fluid dynamics.Results: the 20-gauge infusion jet showed similar impact pressure values compared with the 23-gauge infusion jet. Both showed higher levels than the 25-gauge infusion jet. This was because of the smaller jet force for the 25-gauge system.Conclusion: in this experimental study, both the 23- and the 20-gauge air infusion jet showed higher impact pressure values compared with the 25-gauge air infusion jet. This could be of concern regarding air infusion during 23-gauge vitrectomy since retinal damage has been shown in standard-gauge surgeries. RETINA 31:2002-2006, 2011
- ItemSomente MetadadadosCurrent concepts in vitreomacular traction syndrome(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012-05-01) Bottos, Juliana M. [UNIFESP]; Elizalde, Javier; Rodrigues, Eduardo B. [UNIFESP]; Maia, Mauricio [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Univ Autonoma BarcelonaPurpose of reviewAs Reese first described the vitreomacular traction (VMT) syndrome in 1970, the knowledge base about the disease has been changing over time due to the advent of the high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT). the aim of this article was to present the current information on the pathophysiology, anatomic macular abnormality associations, treatments, and new concepts in VMT syndrome.Recent findingsHD-OCT has provided unprecedented visualization of the vitreomacular interface, which has led to better comprehension of the VMT syndrome. the technologic advances also emphasized the need to review the basis of the VMT syndrome and define as yet unsettled and often confusing concepts.SummaryThe recognition of the role of VMT in a variety of macular conditions is imperative for proper diagnosis and appropriate management of these diseases.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosDescolamento da hialoide posterior e remoção da membrana limitante interna utilizando onze corantes naturais: estudo em olhos cadavéricos(Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2015-08-31) Ferreira, Magno Antonio [UNIFESP]; Maia, Mauricio Maia [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Purpose: To determine whether natural dyes facilitate posterior hyaloid detachment (PVD) and retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in human eyes. Methods: Open sky-vitrectomy with posterior hyaloid and retinal internal limiting membrane removal was performed in 86 cadaveric eyes. Following core vitrectomy, eleven different dyes were injected into the vitreous cavity to aid hyaloid detachment and ILM removal. The dyes were allowed to settle on the macula for 5 minutes after posterior hyaloid detachment and were removed by mechanical aspiration. Intraocular forceps were used for ILM peeling, which was confirmed by light microscopy of the peeled tissue. Açaí fruit extract (Euterpe oleracea) as well as 10 additional dyes from plants or animal sources were tested: Pomegranate (Punica granatum), logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum), chlorophyll extract from alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), indigo (Indigofera tinctoria), paprika (Capiscum annuum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), old fustic (Maclura tinctoria) and grape (Vitis vinifera). Results: The dyes facilitated posterior hyaloid detachment and ILM peeling. Açaí fruit extract (Euterpe oleracea), logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), and old fustic (Maclura tinctoria) facilitated posterior hyaloid detachment in all cases; dye-assisted PVD was compared to triamcinolone-assisted PVD performed previously in a comparative model. Açaí fruit extract (Euterpe oleracea), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) and chlorophyll extract from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) showed the best capability for ILM staining; dye-assisted ILM removal was compared to ILM peeling guided by indocyanine green staining performed previously in a comparative model. Light microscopy confirmed ILM removal in all cases. Conclusions: Anthocyanin dye of the açaí fruit (Euterpe oleracea) as well as the dyes cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) and chlorophyll extract from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) resulted in the best capability for posterior hyaloid and ILM staining in human cadaveric eyes and may be a useful tool for vitreoretinal surgery.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosDifference Between Bevel-Up and Bevel-Down 23-Gauge One-Step Incisions: Analysis of Anterior Chamber Optical Coherence Tomography and IOP(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010-03-01) Magalhaes, Octaviano [UNIFESP]; De Avila, Mariana Pereira; Maia, Mauricio; Nose, Ricardo; Costa, Elaine Fiod; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Eye Clin
- ItemSomente MetadadadosFluid dynamics in three 25-gauge vitrectomy systems: principles for use in vitreoretinal surgery(Blackwell Publishing, 2008-03-01) Magalhaes, Octaviano [UNIFESP]; Maia, Mauricio; Mala, Andre; Penha, Fernando; Dib, Eduardo; Farah, Michel Eid; Schor, Paulo; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Purpose: To compare infusion and extrusion fluid volumes with three 25-gauge vitrectomy systems.Methods: the infusion and aspiration rates of 25-gauge systems from Alcon (Fort Worth, TX, USA), Bausch & Lomb (St Louis, MO, USA), and the Dutch Ophthalmic Research Centre (DORC, Zuidland, the Netherlands) were measured in vitro using balanced saline solution with different heights (40, 609 80, 100, 120 cm) of infusion bottle, cutter velocities (800, 1100, 1500 cuts/min) and aspiration powers (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mmHg).Results: the infusion flow velocities differed among the systems (p < 0.001 for all comparisons lp-values 0.0009-0.00011). the aspiration rates of the Alcon and Bausch & Lomb systems were lower than that of the DORC system (p < 0.02 for all comparisons lp-values 0.018-0.0021).Conclusions: Infusion and extrusion fluid rates differ among 25-gauge vitrectomy systems. These results may help to optimize ideal aspiration and infusion parameters among 25-gauge vitrectomy systems used to treat vitreoretinal diseases.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosINTRAOCULAR PRESSURE CHANGES DURING VITRECTOMY USING CONSTELLATION VISION SYSTEM'S INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE CONTROL FEATURE(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016) Falabella, Paulo [UNIFESP]; Stefanini, Francisco R. [UNIFESP]; Lue, Jaw-Chyng L.; Pfister, Marcel; Reyes-Mckinley, Jahlyn; Koss, Michael J.; Teixeira, Anderson [UNIFESP]; Schor, Paulo [UNIFESP]; Humayun, Mark S.Purpose: To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) changes during experimental vitrectomy and the efficacy of Constellation Vision System's IOP control (IOPc) feature in reestablishing baseline pressure. Methods: Using a pressure transducer in freshly enucleated porcine eyes, a broad range of parameters (baseline pressures, aspiration levels, and cut rates) were tested with 23- and 25-gauge probes and IOPc turned ON versus OFF. Results: IOPc turned ON was significantly more effective than IOPc turned OFF in controlling IOP drop and stabilizing pressure during vitrectomy using a wide range of baseline pressures (20-70 mmHg). The 23-gauge system consistently presented a reduced drop from baseline compared with the 25-gauge system. The overall average drop for the 23-and 25-gauge systems was 12.79 mmHg and 21.17 mmHg, respectively. Both gauge sizes reestablished baseline pressure approximately 1.6 seconds after the initial pressure drop generated at the beginning of aspiration. A peak of IOP (overshooting) was observed when the pressure was returning to baseline using both 23- and 25-gauge systems. Conclusion: Using IOPc feature turned ON, 23- and 25-gauge probes were effective in reestablishing and sustaining baseline infusion pressures, although 23-gauge probes showed less IOP fluctuation than did 25-gauge probes.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosINTRAOCULAR PRESSURE ELEVATION AFTER UNCOMPLICATED PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY Results of the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study Group(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014-10-01) Wu, Lihteh; Berrocal, Maria H.; Rodriguez, Francisco J.; Maia, Mauricio [UNIFESP]; Morales-Canton, Virgilio; Figueroa, Marta; Serrano, Martin; Roca, Jose A.; Arevalo, J. Fernando; Navarro, Rodrigo; Hernandez, Hector; Salinas, Samantha [UNIFESP]; Romero, Rafael [UNIFESP]; Alpizar-Alvarez, Natalia; Chico, Giovanna; Inst Cirugia Ocular; Univ Puerto Rico; Univ Rosario; Brazilian Inst Fighting Blindness; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Hosp Luis Sanchez Bulnes; Hosp Univ Ramon & Cajal; Clin Oftalmol Ctr Caracas; Clin Ricardo Palma; King Khalid Eye Specialist Hosp; Johns Hopkins UnivPurpose:To compare the incident rates of sustained elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) after uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane and the unoperated fellow eye.Methods:Retrospective multicenter study of 198 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for an idiopathic epiretinal membrane that was followed for at least 12 months. the diagnosis of sustained IOP elevation was defined as an elevation of IOP 24 mmHg or an increase of 5 mmHg in the IOP from baseline on 2 separate visits that warranted the initiation of ocular hypotensive therapy. the main outcome measured was the development of sustained IOP elevation as defined above.Results:Patients were followed for an average of 47.3 24 months (range, 12-106 months). in the vitrectomized eyes, 38 of the 198 (19.2%) patients developed elevated IOP compared with 9 of the 198 (4.5%) unoperated fellow eyes (P < 0.0001, Fisher exact test; odds ratio, 4.988). Possible risk factors include a family history of open-angle glaucoma (P = 0.0004 Fisher exact test; odds ratio, 7.206) and cataract surgery (P = 0.0270 Fisher exact test; odds ratio, 2.506).Conclusion:Uncomplicated PPV seems to increase the IOP, particularly in those who are pseudophakic and have a family history of open-angle glaucoma. This increase in IOP may lead to glaucomatous damage if not managed appropriately. Patients with a previous PPV need to be followed by an ophthalmologist to monitor the IOP in the vitrectomized eye.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosOptical coherence tomography characteristics of full-thickness traumatic macular holes(Nature Publishing Group, 2008-11-01) Arévalo, J. F.; Sanchez, J. G.; Costa, R. A.; Farah, Michel Eid [UNIFESP]; Berrocal, M. H.; Graue-Wiechers, F.; Lizana, C.; Robledo, V.; Lopera, M.; Clin Oftalmol Ctr Caracas; Hosp Olhos Araraquara; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Univ Puerto Rico; Fdn Conde Valenciana; Inst Ciencias Salud CESPurpose the objective of this paper is to describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics of patients with full-thickness traumatic macular hole (TMH) and to correlate them with biomicroscopy findings.Methods Twelve eyes of ten consecutive patients with full-thickness TMH participated in this observational retrospective multicentre study. Patients underwent biomicroscopic fundus examination, colour fundus photography, and OCT.Results Traumatic macular hole was documented with OCT in five women and five men. Mean (range) time between trauma and macular hole (MH) diagnosis was 8.1 (1-24) months. the shape of TMHs was round in 11 (91.7%) eyes. the posterior vitreous was completely detached in six (50%) eyes, and with an operculum in one (8.3%) eye. the common findings seen on OCT were: (1) full-thickness loss of retinal tissue through the hole with sharp edges, perpendicular to the retinal pigment epithelium in five (41.7%) eyes; (2) TMH with an operculum totally detached from the hole's edge in two (16.7%) eyes; (3) presence of epiretinal membrane around of the hole in three (25%) eyes; and (4) presence of abnormalities of the surrounding retina in all (100%) eyes. the OCT characteristics correlated well with biomicroscopic findings, and these characteristics may be predictive for final visual acuity (VA) in TMHs. Only one of the TMHs closed spontaneously in our series.Conclusion Optical coherence tomography complements biomicroscopy in the evaluation of full-thickness TMHs.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosPERFORMANCE ANALYSIS of ULTRAHIGH-SPEED VITREOUS CUTTER SYSTEM(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013-05-01) Ribeiro, Ramiro M.; Teixeira, Anderson G. [UNIFESP]; Diniz, Bruno [UNIFESP]; Fernandes, Rodrigo B. [UNIFESP]; Zhong, Yuxiang; Kerns, Ralph; Humayun, Mark S.; Univ So Calif; Hosp Univ Curitiba FEPAR; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Purpose: To evaluate flow rates and duty cycle for different sizes of ultra-high-speed pneumatic vitreous cutters.Methods: A precision balance measured the mass of water and vitreous removed from a vial. Porcine vitreous was obtained within 12 hours of killed at a local slaughterhouse and kept at 4 degrees C. Twenty-, 23- and 25-gauge (n = 3 of each gauge) pneumatic cutters were tested at 0 (water), 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 cuts per minute with aspiration levels of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mmHg. Frame-by-frame analysis of high-speed video was used to determine the duty cycle.Results: Larger gauge cutters associated with higher aspiration levels produced greater vitreous and water flow rates (P < 0.05). As the cut rate increased, the vitreous flow rate increased (maximum flow at 5,000 cuts per minute) and the water flow rate decreased (P < 0.05). the duty cycle of the new-generation cutters decreased as cut speeds increased, using all 3 gauges (P < 0.001). Vitreous flow rates averaged 10 times less than water flow rates using the same cutter at the same settings.Conclusion: Ultra-high-speed vitreous cutters produce consistent vitreous and water flow rates across the tested range of cuts per minute and aspiration levels. RETINA 33: 928-932, 2013
- ItemSomente MetadadadosSPECIAL CANNULA TO USE 20-GAUGE INSTRUMENTS WHILE PERFORMING A 23-GAUGE VITREOUS SURGERY in COMPLICATED CASES(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013-06-01) Teixeira, Anderson [UNIFESP]; Barbante Casella, Antonio Marcelo; Bernilla, Cesar [UNIFESP]; Jopetibe, Fernando [UNIFESP]; Yogi, Milton [UNIFESP]; Falabella, Paulo [UNIFESP]; Sartori, Juliana [UNIFESP]; Schor, Paulo [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Univ Catolica Brasilia; Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)
- ItemSomente MetadadadosSUPRACHOROIDAL BUCKLING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENTS SECONDARY TO PERIPHERAL RETINAL BREAKS(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2017) El Rayes, Ehab N.; Mikhail, Mikel; El Cheweiky, Hala; Elsawah, Kareem; Maia, Andre [UNIFESP]Purpose: To evaluate functional and anatomical outcomes of eyes undergoing suprachoroidal buckling for the management of peripheral retinal breaks in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 41 eyes of 41 patients undergoing suprachoroidal buckling for the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment secondary to single or multiple retinal breaks. Suprachoroidal indentation was achieved through the introduction of filler material using a 23-gauge (23-G) olive-tipped, suprachoroidal cannula. This allowed for the creation of a suprachoroidal dome and chorio-retinal apposition. Healon5 (Abbott Medical Optics) was used as filler material in all eyes. Combined 25-G vitrectomy was performed in 5 eyes. Cryopexy and laserpexy were used in 37 and 4 eyes, respectively. Results: Mean visual acuity gain was the primary outcome measure. Final retinal reattachment rate, single-surgery reattachment rate, and complications were secondary outcome measures. Mean best-corrected distance visual acuity improved from 20/1,100 to 20/42. Single surgery reattachment rate was 92.7% (38/41 eyes). Final retinal reattachment was achieved in all 41 eyes (100%). There was no statistically significant difference in visual acuity gain or anatomical reattachment in terms of retinal break quadrant or extent. No major complications were observed. Two localized suprachoroidal hemorrhages occurred at the entry site for the cannula. These resolved without further intervention. Conclusion: Suprachoroidal buckling using a specially designed cannula is a safe and effective procedure for the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment secondary to peripheral retinal breaks.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosTransretinal Feeder vessel ligature in von Hippel-Lindau disease(Wichtig Editore, 2001-10-01) Farah, Michel Eid [UNIFESP]; Uno, Fausto [UNIFESP]; Hofling-Lima, Ana Luisa [UNIFESP]; Morales, P. H.; Costa, R. A.; Cardillo, Jose Augusto [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)PURPOSE. To present a new technique called transretinal feeder vessel ligature for the treatment of retinal angiomas.METHODS. Case report of a patient with peripheral retinal angiomas previously treated unsuccessfully with photocoagulation who responded to this new, alternative surgical treatment.RESULTS. The retinal angiomas decreased in size although two new feeder vessels appeared and the lesions showed a regression pattern after additional laser therapy over the vascular tumors.CONCLUSIONS. A transretinal feeder vessel ligature in association with vitrectomy and photocoagulation may be useful for some advanced or non-responsive cases of retinal angiomas.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosThe Use of Vital Dyes in Ocular Surgery(Elsevier B.V., 2009-09-01) Rodrigues, Eduardo B. [UNIFESP]; Costa, Elaine F. [UNIFESP]; Penha, Fernando M. [UNIFESP]; Melo, Gustavo B. [UNIFESP]; Bottos, Juliana [UNIFESP]; Dib, Eduardo [UNIFESP]; Furlani, Bruno [UNIFESP]; Lima, Veronica C. [UNIFESP]; Maia, Mauricio [UNIFESP]; Meyer, Carsten H.; Hoefling-Lima, Ana Luisa [UNIFESP]; Farah, Michel E. [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Univ BonnVital dyes have advanced diagnosis and surgical technique in various specialties, including oncology, gastroenterology, and ophthalmology. in ocular Surgery vital dyes are widely used in cataract and vitreoretinal surgery. Worldwide, inta-operative use of trypan blue during cataract surgery has enhanced Visualization of the anterior capsule during capsulorrhexis, and patent blue has been recently licensed in Europe for cataract surgery. for chromovitrectomy, the vital dyes indocyanine green, infracyanine green, and brilliant blue stain the internal limiting membrane, and trypan blue and triamcinolone acetonide help visualize epiretinal membranes and Vitreous, respectively. Intraoperative vital dyes are finding uses in corneal, glaucoma, orbit, strabismus, and conjunctival surgery. We provide a summary of current knowledge of the use of Vital dyes in ocular Surgery. We review the properties of dyes, techniques of application, indications, and complications in ocular surgery. Vital dyes represent an expanding area of research, and novel dyes deserve further investigation. (Surv Ophthalmol 54:576-617, 2009. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)