Navegando por Palavras-chave "tobacco"

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    The alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST): development, reliability and feasibility
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2002-09-01) Ali, Robert; Awwad, Elia; Babor, Thomas; Bradley, Fiona; Butau, Tecla; Farrell, Michael; Souza-Formigoni, Maria Lucia Oliveira de [UNIFESP]; Isralowitz, Richard; Lacerda, Roseli Boerngen de [UNIFESP]; Marsden, John; McRee, Bonnie; Monteiro, Maristela; Pal, Hemraj; Rubio-Stipec, Maritza; Vendetti, Janice; WHO ASSIST Working Grp; Univ Connecticut; Drug & Alcohol Addict Serv Council; Univ Fed Parana; Univ Dublin Trinity Coll; Univ Zimbabwe; Natl Addict Ctr; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Ben Gurion Univ Negev; WHO; All India Inst Med Sci; Univ Puerto Rico
    Aims The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was developed for the World Health Organization (WHO) by an international group of substance abuse researchers to detect psychoactive substance use and related problems in primary care patients. This report describes the new instrument as well as a study of its reliability and feasibility.Setting The study was conducted at participating sites in Australia, Brazil, Ireland, India, Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe. Sixty per cent of the sample was recruited from alcohol and drug abuse treatment facilities: the remainder was drawn from general medical settings and psychiatric facilities.Methods The study was concerned primarily with test item reliability, using a simple test-retest procedure to determine whether subjects would respond consistently to the same items when presented in an interview format on two different occasions. Qualitative and quantitative data were also collected to evaluate the feasibility of the screening items and rating format.Participants A total of 236 volunteer participants completed test and retest interviews at nine collaborating sites. Slightly over half of the sample (53.6%) was male. The mean age of the sample was 34 years and they had completed, on average, 10 years of education.Results The average test-retest reliability coefficients (kappas) ranged from a high of 0.90 (consistency of reporting 'ever' use of substance) to a low of 0.58 (regretted what was done under influence of substance). The average kappas for substance classes ranged from 0.61 for sedatives to 0.78 for opioids. In general, the reliabilities were in the range of good to excellent, with the following items demonstrating the highest kappas across all drug classes: use in the last 3 months, preoccupied with drug use, concern expressed by others, troubled by problems related to drug use, intravenous drug use. Qualitative data collected at the end of the retest interview suggested that the questions were not difficult to answer and were consistent with patients' expectations for a health interview. The data were used to guide the selection of a smaller set of items that can serve as the basis for more extensive validation research.Conclusion The ASSIST items are reliable and feasible to use as part of an international screening test. Further evaluation of the screening test should be conducted.
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    Análise perceptivo-auditiva, acústica computadorizada e laringológica da voz de adultos jovens fumantes e não-fumantes
    (ABORL-CCF Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial, 2003-12-01) Figueiredo, Daniele C. de; Souza, Paula R. F. de; Gonçalves, Maria Inês Rebelo [UNIFESP]; De Biase, Noemi Grigoletto [UNIFESP]; Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo; Centro de Estudos da Voz; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Faculdade de Fonoaudiologia
    AIM: The goal of this study was to make the laryngological, auditory perceptual and acoustic computer analyses of young adults' (smokers and non-smokers) voices, without vocal complaint, compare them and verify the incidence of vocal alterations. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical comparative. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The voices of 80 individuals with age range from 20 to 40 years were analyzed. These individuals were divided in four groups: 20 male smokers, 20 male non-smokers, 20 female smokers and 20 female non-smokers. This analysis involved laryngoscopy, which was performed and interpreted by an otolaryngologist, and cassette tape recordings of the sustained vowels /a/, /m/, /i/ e /u/, number counting from 1 to 20, speech of the days of the week, months of the year and singing of Happy Birthday. The cassette tape recordings were edited for further spectrographic analysis and auditory perceptual evaluation made by four speech therapists experienced in the major of voice. RESULTS: After the analysis, a slight reduction of the fundamental frequency of the voice of smokers of both sexes was noticed, as well as higher incidence of hoarseness and laryngeal alterations among the smokers.
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    The association of psychiatric symptomatology with patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among Brazilian high school students
    (Wiley, 2016) Fidalgo, Thiago M. [UNIFESP]; Sanchez, Zila M. [UNIFESP]; Caetano, Sheila C. [UNIFESP]; Maia, Lucas O. [UNIFESP]; Carlini, Elisaldo A. [UNIFESP]; Martins, Silvia S.
    Background and ObjectivesStudies have highlighted psychosocial factors associated with drug use among adolescents. Association of specific psychiatric comorbidity with substance use has not been properly established in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use by 15-18-year-old high school Brazilian students and to estimate associations with psychiatric symptoms. MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 4,034 students from 128 public and private schools in SAo Paulo State was carried out using a two-step probability sample. Data were collected through self-report standardized questionnaires including questions on substance use patterns and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Key outcome variables were past-month use and past-month frequent use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Questionnaires with missing information were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 2,532 adolescents. Weighted data was analyzed through logistic regressions, adjusted by gender and by socio-economic status (SES). ResultsRegarding SDQ total score, 43.6% of students had no psychiatric symptoms, 7.9% had subclinical symptoms and 48.5% presented clinically significant symptoms. Respondents with a clinically significant SDQ score were more likely to be past month alcohol (aOR=1.51
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    Decrease in tobacco use among Brazilian students: A possible consequence of the ban on cigarette advertising?
    (Elsevier B.V., 2007-06-01) Galduroz, Jose Carlos F.; Fonseca, Arilton Martins; Noto, Ana Regina; Carlini, E. A.; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    In 2000, cigarette advertising was banned from the Brazilian media [LEI N degrees 10.167, de 27 de dezembro de dezembro. (2000). http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L10167.htm]. Nevertheless, not enough surveys have been carried out to measure the impact of the prohibition. the objective of the present survey was to compare the use of tobacco by primary and secondary school students in 1997 and 2004, that is, before and after the ban on tobacco advertising in Brazil.Two surveys were conducted (in 1997 and 2004) using the same methodology, with a target population of primary (from the fifth grade on) and secondary public schools in ten different Brazilian capitals. the sampling was done by conglomerates, stratified, and obtained in two stages. in total, 15,501 students were surveyed in 1997, and 21,712 in 2004. the questionnaire was adapted from an instrument developed by WHO, anonymous, self-administered, and applied collectively in the classroom.In a comparison of the two surveys (1997 and 2004) tobacco lifetime use (used any psychotropic drug at least once in their life) decreased significantly in seven out of ten capitals surveyed. the 11-12 year old age group experienced the largest decrease in tobacco lifetime use. There was a decrease in lifetime use for males in nine capitals, and in eight capitals for females. A decrease was also observed in heavy tobacco use also in eight capitals.In conclusion there was a significant decrease in tobacco consumption among the surveyed students, suggesting that the decrease is related to changes in public policy in Brazil over the surveyed period. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Effect of nicotine treatment and withdrawal on random-pattern skin flaps in rats
    (Elsevier B.V., 2008-09-01) Campos, Jose Humberto O.; Gomes, Heitor Carvalho [UNIFESP]; dos-Santos, Washington L. C.; Cardeal, Mauricio; Ferreira, Lydia Masako [UNIFESP]; Escola Bahiana Med & Saude Publ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
    Background: Tobacco use is associated with a high incidence of skin necrosis after surgery. the ideal timing for the cessation of tobacco use before plastic surgery has not, however, been precisely determined. the aim of this work was to define the ideal duration of nicotine withdrawal prior to random-pattern skin flap surgery in rats.Methods: Groups of 11 animals were subcutaneously injected with saline or nicotine (2 mg/kg) twice a day and subjected to random-pattern skin flap surgery according to the following protocol: Group I: continuously injected with saline 4 weeks before and I week after the surgery; Group II: injected with nicotine for 4 weeks until the day of the surgery; Group III: injected with nicotine for 4 weeks until one day before the surgery; Group IV: injected with nicotine for 4 weeks until 5 days before the surgery; Group V: injected with nicotine for 4 weeks until 10 days before the Surgery; Group VI: continuously injected with nicotine for 4 weeks before and I week after the surgery. McFARLANE skin flaps were performed on the dorsal skin, and the rats were sacrificed I week after the surgery.Results: the necrotic area was smaller in group I (8.85 cm(2)) than in group II (12.15 cm(2)), III (12.88 cm(2)) and VI (14.84 cm(2)) (ANOVA p < 0.0001). There was no difference between groups I, IV (10.13 cm(2)) and V (9.27 cm(2)).Conclusions: in conclusion, 5 days before surgery was considered the ideal time for nicotine withdrawal in this experimental model. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier GmbH.
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    Effect of smoking cessation on non-surgical periodontal therapy: results after 24 months
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2014-12-01) Rosa, Ecinele Francisca; Corraini, Priscila; Inoue, Gislene; Gomes, Elaine Fueta; Guglielmetti, Mariana Rocha; Sanda, Sheila Regina; Becker Lotufo, Joao Paulo; Romito, Giuseppe Alexandre; Pannuti, Claudio Mendes; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Aarhus Univ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Aim: the aim of this 24-month prospective study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in adult subjects with chronic periodontitis.Materials and Methods: Relative to a previous 12-month follow-up study, recruitment and follow-up period were extended, resulting in 116 eligible among the 286 screened subjects. They received NSPT and concurrent smoking cessation interventions. Periodontal maintenance was performed every 3 months. A calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, performed full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth at baseline, 3, 12 and 24 months of follow-up. Expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews were performed to gather demographic and behavioural information.Results: From the 116 enrolled subjects, 61 remained up to 24 months of follow-up. of these, 18 quit smoking (Q), 32 continued smoking (NQ) and 11 oscillated (O) at 24 months of follow-up. Thereby, Q showed significantly higher mean CAL gain in diseased sites and higher reduction in the proportion of sites with CAL >= 3 mm, when compared to NQ. in addition, Q presented significantly higher mean probing depth reduction relative to NQ(p <= 0.05).Conclusion: Smoking cessation promoted additional benefits on NSPT in chronic periodontitis subjects.
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    Effect of smoking on the functional aspects of sperm and seminal plasma protein profiles in patients with varicocele
    (Oxford Univ Press, 2012-11-01) Fariello, Roberta Maria [UNIFESP]; Pariz, Juliana Risso [UNIFESP]; Spaine, Deborah Montagnini [UNIFESP]; Gozzo, Fabio Cesar; Pilau, Eduardo Jorge; Fraietta, Renato [UNIFESP]; Bertolla, Ricardo Pimenta [UNIFESP]; Andreoni, Cassio [UNIFESP]; Cedenho, Agnaldo Pereira [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP); Natl Inst Sci & Technol Bioanalyt
    What are the effects of smoking on the functional aspects of the sperm, the levels of lipid peroxidation and the protein profile of seminal plasma in patients with varicocele?In men with varicocele, smoking is associated with altered semen quality, decreased sperm functional integrity and seminal oxidative stress. Alterations in seminal plasma protein profiles are also present and may explain the altered semen phenotype.Varicocele is a major cause of male infertility. It reduces testicular blood renewal with a consequent accumulation of toxic substances. Thus, it can potentiate the toxic effects of environmental exposure to genotoxic substances such as those found in cigarette smoke.A cross-sectional study was performed in 110 patients presenting with variococele to the Human Reproduction Section of the São Paulo Federal University (20062010). the patients were divided into a control group of non-smokers, a moderate smokers group and a heavy smokers group.Semen parameters were analysed by standard methods. Sperm DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity were assessed by Comet assays and by 3,3-diaminobenzidine deposition, respectively. the level of lipid peroxidation in semen was determined by malondialdehyde quantification. Proteomic studies were performed by 2D-electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.Both groups of smokers showed reduced semen quality in comparison with the control group. in the groups of smokers, sperm DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity were also decreased and lipid peroxidation levels were increased. Proteomic analyses revealed 20 proteins differentially expressed between the study groups.A study including smokers without varicocele is still warranted as these results apply only to smokers who present varicocele.Patients with varicocele who are exposed to tobacco smoking present more important alterations to semen quality and sperm functional integrity and show changes in the seminal plasma proteome. This suggests testicular, and possibly systemic, adverse effects of smoking.Funding for the study was provided by Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (Fapesp) (2007/59423-7) and by the Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section at the So Paulo Federal University.
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    Effects of sidestream cigarette smoke exposure on baroreflex components in spontaneously hypertensive rats
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2010-01-01) Valenti, Vitor E. [UNIFESP]; Abreu, Luiz Carlos; Saldiva, Paulo H.; Carvalho, Tatiana D. [UNIFESP]; Ferreira, Celso [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
    We evaluated short-term effects of sidestream cigarette smoke (SSCS) exposure on baroreflex function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats. Rats were exposed to SSCS during three weeks, 180min, five days per week, in a concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) between 100 and 300ppm. We observed that SSCS exposure increased tachycardic peak and heart rate range while it attenuated bradycardic reflex in WKY. in respect to SHR, SSCS also increased tachycardic peak. Taken together, our data suggests that three weeks of exposure to SSCS affects the sympathetic and parasympathetic component of the baroreflex in normotensive WKY while it tended to affect the sympathetic component in SHR.
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    Expectativas de resultados frente ao uso de álcool, maconha e tabaco
    (Sociedade de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, 2006-08-01) Pedroso, Rosemeri Siqueira; Oliveira, Margareth Da Silva [UNIFESP]; Araujo, Renata Brasil; Castro, Maria Da Graça; Melo, Wilson Vieira; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    This article aims to perform a theoretical review about the outcome expectancy construct considering the use of alcohol, cannabis and tobacco. Outcome expectancy is determined by people's belief about the effects of a drug. It is an important variable for the treatment of chemically dependent patients. Searches in the electronic databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Ovid, LILACS and Cork were carried out, using the following descriptors: belief, expectancy, expectation, drugs, psychoactive, and effect. Results showed that outcome expectancy considering the use of those substances can be generated from: exposure to conditioning stimuli, physical dependence, personal and cultural beliefs, and situational and environmental factors. In conclusion, there is the need of new researches on expectancies related to psychoactive substances and age groups in order to have a better understanding of this construct.
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    Noncoding RNA Profiles in Tobacco- and Alcohol-Associated Diseases
    (Mdpi Ag, 2017) do Amaral, Nayra Soares; Melo, Natalia Cruz e [UNIFESP]; Maia, Beatriz de Melo; Rocha, Rafael Malagoli [UNIFESP]
    Tobacco and alcohol are the leading environmental risk factors in the development of human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver injury. Despite the copious amount of research on this topic, by 2030, 8.3 million deaths are projected to occur worldwide due to tobacco use. The expression of noncoding RNAs, primarily microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), is modulated by tobacco and alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes can modulate the expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs through various signaling pathways, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory pathways-primarily interleukin 6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which seems to play a major role in the development of diseases associated with these risk factors. Since they may be predictive and prognostic biomarkers, they can be used both as predictors of the response to therapy and as a targeted therapy. Further, circulating miRNAs might be valuable noninvasive tools that can be used to examine diseases that are related to the use of tobacco and alcohol. This review discusses the function of noncoding RNAs in cancer and other human tobacco- and alcohol-associated diseases.
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    Paradigms of Public Policies for Licit and Illicit Drugs in Brazil
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014-01-01) Gigliotti, Analice; Ribeiro, Marcelo [UNIFESP]; Aguilera, Amarilis Tapia; Rezende, Elton [UNIFESP]; Perrenoud, Luciane Ogata [UNIFESP]; Santa Casa Misericordia Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Alcohol & Drugs Res Unit
    Brazil is a country of continental dimensions that, over the last 3 decades, has been making increased efforts to develop effective public policies for controlling the use of both licit and illicit psychoactive substances. in the case of licit drugs, Brazil was a pioneer in following the guidance of the World Health Organization for tobacco control and has witnessed surprising results relating to reduction of smoking prevalence and correlated morbidity and mortality. Today, Brazil has a national structure for organizing, applying, and monitoring laws relating to tobacco. However, in the field of illicit drugs, with crack consumption as a paradigm, the situation is the opposite: its use has been increasing year by year and is being consumed at increasingly young ages and by all social classes. Thus, it is becoming an enormous challenge for public policies relating to prevention and treatment. in this context, the aim of this article is to present a review of the epidemiological data relating to tobacco and crack use in Brazil, with an analysis on the impact of public policies for controlling consumption over recent years. Despite the efforts made over the last 3 decades, Brazil still has a long way to go in order to construct a consistent and effective national drugs policy.
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    A prospective 12-month study of the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal clinical parameters
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011-06-01) Rosa, Ecinele Francisca; Corraini, Priscila; Carvalho, Veronica Franco de; Inoue, Gislene; Gomes, Elaine Fueta; Becker Lotufo, Joao Paulo; De Micheli, Giorgio; Pannuti, Claudio Mendes; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Aarhus Univ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    P>AimThe aim of this 12-month prospective study was to assess the adjunctive effect of smoking cessation in non-surgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis.Materials and methodsOf the 201 subjects enrolled from a smoking cessation clinic, 93 were eligible and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and concurrent smoking cessation treatment. Periodontal maintenance was performed every 3 months. Full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth was performed by a calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Furthermore, expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews based on a structured questionnaire were performed in order to collect demographic and smoking data.ResultsOf the 93 eligible subjects, 52 remained in the study after 1 year. of these, 17 quit smoking and 35 continued smoking or oscillated. After 1 year, only quitters presented significant clinical attachment gain (p=0.04). However, there were no differences between the groups regarding clinical attachment level, probing depth, bleeding on probing and plaque index after 1 year (p > 0.05).ConclusionSmoking cessation promoted clinical attachment gain in chronic periodontitis subjects from a smoking cessation clinic after 1 year of follow-up.
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    Respiratory effects of tobacco smoking among young adults
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008-07-01) Vianna, Elcio Oliveira; Gutierrez, Manoel Romeu Pereira; Barbieri, Marco Antônio [UNIFESP]; Caldeira, Roseane Duraes; Bettiol, Heloisa [UNIFESP]; Silva, Antonio Augusto Moura da; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Univ Fed Maranhao
    Background. Respiratory symptoms associated with smoking habit seem to be age dependent. However, there are few reports about the effect of tobacco in young populations. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of smoking on respiratory symptoms and lung function in 23- to 25-year-old adults in Brazil. This study had a cross-sectional design and included 2063 young people in the city of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State. Methods: Subjects completed a questionnaire used by the European Community Respiratory Health Survey and underwent spirometry and bronchial challenge test with methacholine. Multiple logistic regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were carried out to assess the association between smoking and respiratory symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and forced vital capacity (FVC), adjusted for confounding variables. Results: Prevalence of smoking habit was 17.2% with consumption (median) of 10 cigarettes per day (interquartile range 3-20). There was a significant association between smoking and respiratory symptoms. Smoking was associated to wheezing with odds ratio (95%Cl) of 6.11 (4.03-9.28) among those smoking :10 cigarettes per day and 3.36 (2.11-5.37) among those smoking <10 cigarettes per day. Associations were found for other respiratory symptoms. Smoking was associated with lower FEV1/FVC ratio. No association was detected between smoking and FEV1 or bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Conclusions: These findings highlight the early health consequences of smoking among young adults. These results prompt the necessity to elaborate urgent programs to reduce tobacco habit in young populations.
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    Smoking among adolescents from a countryside city of Brazil and the future impact in respiratory diseases
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Urrutia-Pereira, M.; Oliano, V. J.; Mallol, J.; Sole, D. [UNIFESP]
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    Sports practices related to alcohol and tobacco use among high school students
    (Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria - ABP, 2015-01-01) Bedendo, André; Noto, Ana Regina [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Objective: To examine the relationship between alcohol and tobacco use and sports in a national sample of secondary students. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a representative sample of secondary students from public and private schools from all 27 Brazilian state capitals. Students were assessed in 2010 by a self-report questionnaire including questions on drug use and sport activity in the last month (n=13,872). Results: Subjects who played sports exhibited a higher frequency of alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking than their peers who did not play sports. Practices that were associated with higher odds of heavy episodic drinking in the last month included gym, weight training (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.0, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.6-2.4), and soccer (aOR: 1.3, 95%CI 1.1-1.5). Fighting, martial arts, or capoeira were associated with smoking (aOR: 1.9, 95%CI 1.2-3.2). Conclusion: These results suggest a relationship between some sports preferences and a higher risk of alcohol or tobacco use among Brazilian secondary students. This relationship should be considered in preventive programs.
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    Tobacco use and dementia: evidence from the 1066 dementia population-based surveys in Latin America, China and India
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011-11-01) Ferri, Cleusa P.; West, Robert; Moriyama, Tais S. [UNIFESP]; Acosta, Daisy; Guerra, Mariella; Huang, Yueqin; Jacob, K. S.; Ribeiro, Wagner [UNIFESP]; Llibre de Rodriguez, Juan J.; Salas, Aquiles; Luisa Sosa, Ana; Williams, Joseph; Acosta, Isaac; Liu, Zhaouri; Guerra Hernandez, Milagros A.; Prince, Martin J.; Kings Coll London; UCL; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Univ Nacl Pedro Henriquez Urena; Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Peking Univ; Christian Med Coll & Hosp; Med Univ Havana; Caracas Univ Hosp; Natl Inst Neurol & Neurosurg Mexico; VHS; Policlin Univ 27 Noviembre
    Objectives: To assess the association between tobacco consumption and dementia using the same methodology in seven developing countries, testing the specific hypotheses that higher exposure to tobacco is associated with a higher prevalence of dementia, that the association is limited to smoked tobacco and is stronger for vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease.Methods: Cross-sectional surveys conducted on individuals aged 65+. A total of 15 022 residents in specified catchment areas were assessed face-to-face using a standardised protocol, which included dementia diagnosis and detailed information on past and current tobacco consumption, and on important potential confounders of this association.Results: A high proportion of participants were never smokers (52% in Dominican Republic to 83% in Peru), most of those who ever used tobacco in China and India were still smoking at age 65 and above (80% and 84%, respectively). There was a positive association between history of tobacco smoke exposure (pack years up to age 50) and dementia (pooled PR = 1.003; 95% CI 1.001-1.005), Alzheimer's disease (pooled PR = 1.007; 95% CI, 1.003-1.011) and Vascular Dementia (pooled PR = 1.003; 95% CI = 1.001-1.005). These associations were attenuated but remained significant if exposure after the age of 50 was included. in India there was no association between smokeless tobacco and dementia.Conclusions: Dementia in developing countries appears to be positively associated with history of tobacco smoking but not smokeless tobacco use. Selective quitting in later life may bias estimation of associations. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Validação da versão brasileira do Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief
    (Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 2007-01-01) Araujo, Renata Brasil; Oliveira, Margareth Da Silva [UNIFESP]; Moraes, João Feliz Duarte; Pedroso, Rosemeri Siqueira; Port, Franciny; Castro, Maria Da Graça Tanori De; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Wainer & Piccoloto - Centro de Psicoterapia Cognitivo-Comportamental; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    BACKGROUND: The evaluation of craving is very important to treatment of tobacco dependence. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this research was to validate the Brazilian version of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief (QSU-B). METHOD: Subjects enrolled to this experimental study were randomized into groups of zero, 30 and 60 minutes of tobacco abstinence. The study group was composed by 201 subjects (134 females and 67 males), age range: 18 to 65 (M = 38.15). The assessment instruments were, in addition to the QSU-B: Social and Demographical Data Form, Visual Analogic Scale for Craving, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Anxiety and Depression Beck Inventories. RESULTS: The two-factor factorial analysis presented a total variation of 78.46% and the correlation between these factors was significant and of high intensity (r = 0.636; p < 0.001). All Cronbach s alpha values from QSU-B were above 0.70. We observed a correlation between the QSU-B total score and the Visual Analogic Scale (r = 0.656; p < 0.001), and also with Fagerström s question 1 (r = 0.201; p = 0.004) and question 2 (r = 0.257; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: QSU-B s Brazilian version proved to be an adequate psychometric instrument for the use both in research and in clinical settings.
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    Validation of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST)
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008-06-01) Humeniuk, Rachel; Ali, Robert; Babor, Thomas F.; Farrell, Michael; Formigoni, Maria L. [UNIFESP]; Jittiwutikarn, Jaroon; Lacerda, Roseli B. de; Ling, Walter; Marsden, John; Monteiro, Maristela; Nhiwatiwa, Sekai; Pal, Hemraj; Poznyak, Vladimir; Simon, Sara; Serv Council; Univ Connecticut; Natl Addict Ctr; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); No Drug Dependence Treatment Ctr; Univ Fed Parana; Univ Calif Los Angeles; Univ Zimbabwe; All India Inst Med Sci
    Aim the concurrent, construct and discriminative validity of the World Health Organization's Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) were examined in a multi-site international study. Participants One thousand and 47 participants, recruited from drug treatment (n = 350) and primary health care (PHC) settings (n = 697), were administered a battery of instruments. Measurements Measures included the ASSIST; the Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite); the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS); the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus); the Rating of Injection Site Condition (RISC); the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST); the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); the Revised Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (RTQ); and the Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP). Findings Concurrent validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between ASSIST scores and scores from the ASI-Lite (r = 0.76-0.88), SDS (r = 0.59), AUDIT (r = 0.82) and RTQ (r = 0.78); and significantly greater ASSIST scores for those with MINI-Plus diagnoses of abuse or dependence (P < 0.001). Construct validity was established by significant correlations between ASSIST scores and measures of risk factors for the development of drug and alcohol problems (r = 0.48-0.76). Discriminative validity was established by the capacity of the ASSIST to discriminate between substance use, abuse and dependence. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to establish cut-off scores with suitable specificities (50-96%) and sensitivities (54-97%) for most substances. Conclusions the findings demonstrated that the ASSIST is a valid screening test for identifying psychoactive substance use in individuals who use a number of substances and have varying degrees of substance use.