Navegando por Palavras-chave "Trends"

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    Iniquidades no acesso aos benefícios alimentação e refeição no Brasil: uma análise da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009
    (Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 2016) Canella, Daniela Silva [UNIFESP]; Bortoletto Martins, Ana Paula; Bandoni, Daniel Henrique [UNIFESP]
    Food stamps and meal vouchers can determine workers' dietary choices. The study aimed to assess the coverage of these benefits in Brazil and their distribution according to the beneficiaries' socio-demographic and regional characteristics, using data from the Brazilian Household Budgets Survey, 2008-2009. Eligibility criteria were having an occupation and a private or government job, including domestic or temporary work in rural areas. Only 3.2% of eligible individuals reported receiving such benefits. Highest coverage rates were verified with the Southeast region, urban areas, male gender, employment in the private sector, and monthly earnings > five times the minimum wage. The mean monthly amount of such benefits was R$ 177.20 (US$ 100 at the 2009 exchange rate). After adjusting for other variables, the highest amounts were associated with male gender, higher salaries, the Northeast and Central regions, and employment in the public sector. This first analysis of the national coverage of food stamps and meal vouchers showed that a large share of Brazilian workers lack access or have unequal access to such benefits.
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    A língua inglesa e a formação de mestres e doutores na área da saúde
    (Associação Brasileira de Educação Médica, 2010-03-01) Iglesias, Sonia Regina Abdalla [UNIFESP]; Batista, Nildo Alves [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    This article analyzes English proficiency as a requirement for graduate studies at the Federal University in São Paulo, Brazil, analyzing students' performance on the proficiency test and their self-assessment and the importance they ascribe to the language during this phase of their training. An exploratory study was conducted with quantitative and qualitative approaches, document analysis, questionnaires, and interviews. Graduate students rated their own English reading skills as good. They considered a command of the language essential for their professional work and acknowledged that most research in the health field is published in English. One out of four students failed the proficiency test on the first attempt. Their speaking and writing skills were limited, and the majority needed another professional to prepare an abstract in English. They considered a command of English essential for professionals seeking to stand out in a competitive world, but viewed the formal English requirement for graduate studies as an overburden. English is not most researchers' first language, thus creating a dilemma for readers as well as authors who wish to attract attention to their work. Although English is acknowledged as the lingua franca of science and mediates the current scientific publication process, the issue has become increasingly controversial.
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    Trends in drug use among students in Brazil: analysis of four surveys in 1987, 1989, 1993 and 1997
    (Associação Brasileira de Divulgação Científica, 2004-04-01) Galduróz, José Carlos Fernandes [UNIFESP]; Noto, Ana Regina [UNIFESP]; Nappo, Solange Aparecida [UNIFESP]; Carlini, Elisaldo Araujo [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    The consumption of psychotropic drugs among Brazilian secondary school students was examined by comparing data from four surveys using a questionnaire adapted from the WHO's Program on Research and Reporting on the Epidemiology of Drug Dependence. Students filled out the form in their classrooms without the presence of teachers. The target population consisted of 10-18-year-old students (on average, 15,000 students responded to each survey) in Brazil's ten largest state capitals: Belém, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and São Paulo. Among the legal drugs, lifetime use (use at least once during life) of tobacco was increased in seven cities (the exceptions were Brasília, Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro). There was also a significant increase in frequent use of alcohol (six times or more per month) in 6 of the cities, from an average of 9.2% in 1987 to 15.0% in 1997. With respect to illegal drugs, there was a significant increase in lifetime use of marijuana (a 3-fold increase from 2.8% in 1987 to 7.6% in 1997). Cocaine use increased 4-fold over the survey period (0.5% in 1987 to 2.0% in 1997). Lifetime use of cocaine significantly increased in eight capitals (except Recife and Rio de Janeiro). However, frequent cocaine use increased in only three capitals (Belém, Fortaleza and Porto Alegre), from an average of 1.0% in 1987 to 3.6% in 1997. Lifetime use of medications such as anxiolytics and amphetamines increased 2-fold on average over the survey period. Comparing the four studies, the main conclusion is that there were significant increases in the frequencies for lifetime use, frequent use and heavy use of many drugs.
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    Trends in tobacco consumption in three different birth cohorts of elderly of São Paulo, Brazil
    (Elsevier B.V., 2015-02-01) Wagner, Gabriela Arantes; Monteiro da Rocha, Francisco Marcelo [UNIFESP]; Lebrao, Maria Lucia; Oliveira Duarte, Yeda Aparecida de; Trevisan Zanettaa, Dirce Maria; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Background: the effects of birth cohorts reflect the historical differences in physical and social environments. the objectives of the present study were to describe the tobacco consumption and to evaluate the behavioral trends with respect to smoking in three different birth cohorts of a population-based sample of elderly individuals.Methods: A series of three cross-sectional studies conducted with elderly individuals of 60-64 years of age interviewed in 2000 (birth cohort 1936-1940; n = 427), 2006 (birth cohort 1942-1946; n = 298) and 2011 (birth cohort 1947-1951; n = 355) in a population-based sample from the city of São Paulo, Brazil. the interviewees were participating in a prospective cohort study entitled Health, Well-Being and Aging (Saude, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento [SABE]). Data on tobacco consumption were self-reported and interviewees were then classified as never smokers, former smokers or current smokers. Linear model for categorical data was used to test differences on tobacco consumption between three birth elderly cohorts.Findings: Men were more likely than women to be smokers. Being evangelical and having more schooling constituted protective factors against smoking. Regarding trends, the tobacco consumption of the men did not change in any of the three cohorts studied (p = 0.7454), whereas there was an increase in the number of women smokers, principally former smokers, over the periods evaluated (p = 0.0189).Conclusions: These results suggest that the anti-smoking policies implemented in Brazil were effective in women of this age group; however, different prevention strategies are required to target elderly men. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Update on Thin Melanoma: Outcome of an International Workshop
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016) Mihic-Probst, Daniela; Shea, Chris; Duncan, Lyn; de la Fouchardiere, Arnaud; Landman, Gilles [UNIFESP]; Landsberg, Jennifer; ven den Oord, Joost; Lowe, Lori; Cook, Martin G.; Yun, Sook Jung; Clarke, Loren; Messina, Jane; Elder, David E.; Barnhill, Raymond L.
    The following communication summarizes the proceedings of a 1-day Workshop of the International Melanoma Pathology Study Group, which was devoted to thin melanoma. The definitions and histologic criteria for thin melanoma were reviewed. The principal differential diagnostic problems mentioned included the distinction of thin melanoma from nevi, especially from nevi of special site, irritated nevi, inflamed and regressing nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Histologic criteria for this analysis were discussed and the importance of clinico-pathologic correlation, especially in acral sites, was emphasized. Criteria for the minimal definition of invasion were also discussed. In addition, a new technique of m-RNA expression profiling with 14 genes was presented and facilitated the distinction of thin melanomas from nevus in histologically obvious cases. However, for particular nevi, it was not obvious why the results indicated a malignant lesion. Despite many molecular and other ancillary investigations, Breslow thickness remains the most important prognostic factor in thin melanoma. The prognostic significance of radial (horizontal) and vertical growth phases, Clark level, regression, and mitotic rate were also discussed. Because of the increasing frequency of thin melanomas, there is a great need to develop more refined predictors of thin melanomas with worse clinical outcome.
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    Update on Thin Melanoma: Outcome of an International Workshop
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016) Mihic-Probst, Daniela; Shea, Chris; Duncan, Lyn; de la Fouchardiere, Arnaud; Landman, Gilles [UNIFESP]; Landsberg, Jennifer; ven den Oord, Joost; Lowe, Lori; Cook, Martin G.; Yun, Sook Jung; Clarke, Loren; Messina, Jane; Elder, David E.; Barnhill, Raymond L.; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    The following communication summarizes the proceedings of a 1-day Workshop of the International Melanoma Pathology Study Group, which was devoted to thin melanoma. The definitions and histologic criteria for thin melanoma were reviewed. The principal differential diagnostic problems mentioned included the distinction of thin melanoma from nevi, especially from nevi of special site, irritated nevi, inflamed and regressing nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Histologic criteria for this analysis were discussed and the importance of clinico-pathologic correlation, especially in acral sites, was emphasized. Criteria for the minimal definition of invasion were also discussed. In addition, a new technique of m-RNA expression profiling with 14 genes was presented and facilitated the distinction of thin melanomas from nevus in histologically obvious cases. However, for particular nevi, it was not obvious why the results indicated a malignant lesion. Despite many molecular and other ancillary investigations, Breslow thickness remains the most important prognostic factor in thin melanoma. The prognostic significance of radial (horizontal) and vertical growth phases, Clark level, regression, and mitotic rate were also discussed. Because of the increasing frequency of thin melanomas, there is a great need to develop more refined predictors of thin melanomas with worse clinical outcome.
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    Use of and access to oral and injectable contraceptives in brazil
    (W W F Verlagsgesellschaft Gmbh, 2016) Farias, Mareni Rocha; Leite, Silvana Nair; Leao Tavares, Noemia Urruth; Oliveira, Maria Auxiliadora; Dourado Arrais, Paulo Sergio; Bertoldi, Andrea Damaso; Dal Pizzol, Tatiane da Silva; Luiza, Vera Lucia; Ramos, Luiz Roberto [UNIFESP]; Mengue, Sotero Serrate
    OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of current use of oral and injectable contraceptives by Brazilian women, according to demographic and socioeconomic variables and issues related to access to those medicines. METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based analytical study with probability sampling based on data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilizacao e Promocao do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), carried out between September 2013 and February 2014 in 20,404 Brazilian urban households. Prevalence was calculated based on reports from non-pregnant women aged 15-49 on the use of oral or injectable contraceptives. The independent variables were gender, age, level of education, socioeconomic class, Brazilian region and marital status. Also analyzed were access, means of payment, sources, and reported medicines. Statistical analyses considered 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and Pearson Chi-square test to evaluate the statistical significance of differences between groups, considering a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Prevalence of use was 28.2% for oral contraceptives (OC) and 4.5% for injectable contraceptives (IC). The highest prevalence of oral contraceptives was in the South region (37.5%) and the lowest in the North region (15.7%). For injectable contraceptives there was no difference between regions. Access was higher for oral contraceptive users (90.7%) than injectable contraceptives users (81.2%), as was direct payment (OC 78.1%, IC 58.0%). Users who paid for contraceptives acquired them at retail pharmacies (OC 95.0% and IC 86.6%) and at Farmacia Popular (Popular Pharmacy Program) (OC 4.8% and IC 12.7%). Free of charge contraceptives were mostly obtained from the Brazilian Unified Health System - SUS (OC 86.7%