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- ItemSomente MetadadadosAvaliação dos efeitos biológicos da acidificação dos oceanos associados a presença do fármaco losartan. Math(Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2019-08-27) Guimaraes, Matheus Mascarin [UNIFESP]; Cesar, Augusto [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)In Brazil, deep oil exploration activities include the injection of CO2 to increase the pressure to remove oil from the wells, thus increasing the efficiency of the extraction system. This technique is used, among other reasons, to decrease CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. However, accidental leakage of CO2 can result in several effects on the marine ecosystem, especially those related to the bioavailability of emerging pollutants. Since the last decade, several studies have reported the presence and effects of drugs in the marine environment, especially the antihypertensive class, such as losartan, which is mostly used by the elderly population. In addition, current estimates are for an increase of up to 100% of the elderly population over the next 30 years. However, there is little knowledge about the occurrence and physiological effects of losartan in marine invertebrates, especially regarding its behavior in the face of a possible ocean acidification scenario. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential environmental impacts associated with the acidification of marine environments from the evaluation of bioavailability and toxicity at different levels of the biological organization of the compound losartan on marine organisms in water and sediment. Water and sediment samples were collected at 5 points around the Santos Submarine Sewage outfall (SSO) and 2 points around the Guarujá Submarine Sewage Outfall (GSO). Losartan was observed at all sampling points, with concentrations ranging from 1.37 - 7.63 ng/L in water and from 0.08 to 3.10 ng/g in sediments. In the results of the water toxicity test with Echinometra lucunter, both pH 8.0 and 7.6, the LOEC values were 100mg/L, whereas for pH 7.3 the value was 50mg/L, with EpH50 set forth at 7.35. In the sediment, a CEO of 10μg/g was obtained for pH 8.0, with effect from 1μg/g at pH 7.6 and 7.3, with EpH50 of 7.30. Regarding the trials with mussels Perna perna and Mytella guyanensis, effects were observed at environmentally relevant concentrations, with LOEC of 3000 ng/L and 3 ng/g, respectively. In addition, it was possible to observe the potentiation of the effects of losartan according to the decrease in pH. This study demonstrated that acidification of the oceans by itself causes effects on marine invertebrates, as well as influencing the toxicity of emerging pollutants. In this sense, there is a need to deepen the studies on drug-related toxicology and changes in pH in the marine environment.
- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Avaliação dos efeitos biológicos da orfenadrina no desenvolvimento embriolarval de ouriço do mar - Echinometra lucunter (Echinoidea - Equinodermata)(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2021-08-12) Pinto, Mariana Aparecida Henrique Gonçalves [UNIFESP]; Cesar, Augusto [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7526259441170335; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4596695112660596; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Currently, about 10,000 tons a year of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (FPCPs) are consumed worldwide. Drugs are widely used in medicine and veterinary medicine in order to fulfill their therapeutic function, having environmental persistence. These compounds are called pollutants of emerging concern and are not properly regulated. In recent decades, there has been growing concern regarding the occurrence and possible effects of these substances on non-target organisms, due to the continuous release and low removal rates in traditional wastewater treatment processes. The situation is aggravated in developing countries like Brazil, where only 49.8% of cities have some type of sewage collection, and only 70% of them undergo any treatment. Taking this scenario as a basis, the objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of orphenadrine, a drug used worldwide for over 50 years and detected in the marine environment in trace quantities, through the embryolarval development of sea urchins of the species Echinometra lucunter. The results of this work showed that the increase in the concentration of orphenadrine is proportional to the decrease in the growth rate of the hedgehogs. The study can contribute to the development not only of mitigation measures and marine life conservation strategies, but also to the elaboration of specific legislation that can govern the consumption and proper disposal of drugs that have orphenadrine as an active compound.
- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Avaliação dos efeitos da orfenadrina no desenvolvimento embriolarval de Echinometra lucunter(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2021-08-13) Silva, Victor Simões da [UNIFESP]; Cesar, Augusto [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7526259441170335; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1759959213703351; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Os efluentes constantemente lançados no mar não recebem um tratamento apropriado para que se retire completamente os componentes químicos dos FPCPs, fazendo com que esses resíduos com potencial farmacológico ativo ainda possam causar implicações na vida marinha. Ao serem lançados no ambiente, esses compostos tendem a interagir e acumular no sedimento, que passam a funcionar como repositório e fonte de contaminação para organismos bentônicos e organismos pelágicos. Essa interação com o sedimento transforma esses contaminantes através de processos químicos e cria subprodutos que são mais reativos, podendo aumentar sua biodisponibilidade. A orfenadrina é o composto ativo de diversos fármacos amplamente utilizados no mundo. No Brasil, parte destes medicamentos são isentos de prescrição médica e são utilizados em níveis elevados pela população. Pela falta de êxito dos tratamentos tradicionais para a completa remoção desses compostos nos efluentes, esses fármacos podem ser encontrados no mar, próximo a regiões urbanas e há estudos que demonstram maior concentração da orfenadrina no ambiente na matriz água em comparação a matriz sedimento. Diante disso, o estudo avaliou os efeitos da orfenadrina no desenvolvimento embriolarval dos ouriços no sedimento. Foi possível observar efeito direto do fármaco no desenvolvimento e embora a concentração utilizada pelo estudo tenha sido menor que a ambiental, o estudo sugere mais pesquisas com diferentes tempos de exposição e organismos diferentes.