Navegando por Palavras-chave "Offspring"

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    Avaliação dos efeitos da hiperglicemia materna sobre a sinalização hipotalâmica na vida adulta da prole
    (Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2017-11-30) Araújo, Aline Duarte de [UNIFESP]; Hirata, Aparecida Emiko [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1140620661993295; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1412824650616903; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    O diabetes mellitus durante a gestação resulta em alterações na homeostase da glicose e na função hipotalâmica envolvida na regulação do metabolismo energético na prole. Estudos epidemiológicos evidenciaram o aumento na chance de desenvolver resistência à insulina, obesidade e alterações cardiovasculares nos filhos de mães diabéticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de proteínas hipotalâmicas relacionadas ao controle do metabolismo na prole de ratas hiperglicêmicas. A administração de estreptozotocina (60mg/kg) foi realizada para indução do DM. A prole recebeu ração padrão desde o desmame e foi avaliada aos três meses de idade. Foi observada menor massa corporal nos animais filhos de mães diabéticas (FMD), acompanhada de maior massa de tecido adiposo. A hiperglicemia materna não promoveu diferença na glicemia e insulinemia entre os grupos. Apesar disto, a prole FMD apresentou menor sensibilidade à insulina no ITT. O perfil lipídico não apresentou diferença entre os animais. A fosforilação hipotalâmica do receptor de leptina, a expressão de NFkBp65 e de NOX 2 não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. A interação entre JAK2/STAT3 e a fosforilação de JNK e de p47phox também não apresentaram diferença significativa na prole FMD. Entretanto, a expressão do receptor de insulina apresentou tendência a aumento, acompanhada de aparente aumento da fosforilação de AMPK. As alterações podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento das doenças a que os filhos de mães diabéticas são mais suscetíveis.
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    Delayed physical and neurobehavioral development and increased aggressive and depression-like behaviors in the rat offspring of dams fed a high-fat diet
    (Elsevier B.V., 2013-12-01) Giriko, Catherine Assuka [UNIFESP]; Andreoli, Carla Albuquerque [UNIFESP]; Mennitti, Lais Vales [UNIFESP]; Hosoume, Lilian Fazion [UNIFESP]; Souto, Tayane dos Santos [UNIFESP]; Silva, Alexandre Valotta da [UNIFESP]; Mendes-da-Silva, Cristiano [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Early maternal exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) may influence the brain development of rat offspring and consequently affect physiology and behavior. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the somatic, physical, sensory-motor and neurobehavioral development of the offspring of dams fed an HFD (52% calories from fat, mainly saturated) and the offspring of dams fed a control diet (CD - 14.7% fat) during lactation from the 1st to the 21st postnatal day (P). Maternal body weights were evaluated during lactation. in the progeny, somatic (body weight, head and lengths axes) and physical (ear unfolding, auditory conduit opening, eruption of the incisors and eye opening) development and the consolidation of reflex responses (palm grasp, righting, vibrissa placing, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis, auditory startle response and free-fall righting) were determined during suckling. Depressive and aggressive behaviors were tested with the forced swimming test (FST) and the foot-shock test on days 60 and 110, respectively. the open field test was used to assess motor function. Compared to controls, the HFD-pups exhibited decreases in body weight (P7-P21) and body length (P4-P18), but by days P71 and P95, these pups were overweight. All indicators of physical maturation and the consolidation of the following reflexes, vibrissa placing, auditory startle responses, free-fall righting and negative geotaxis, were delayed in HFD-progeny. in addition, the pups from HFD dam rats also exhibited reduced swimming and climbing times in the FST and increased aggressive behavior. No changes in locomotion were observed. These findings show developmental and neurobehavioral changes in the rat offspring of dams fed the HFD during lactation and suggest possible disruption of physical and sensory-motor maturation and increased susceptibility to depressive and aggressive-like behavior. (C) 2013 ISDN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Dieta hiperlipídica materna e administração de ácido graxo palmitato: estudo in vivo do hipocampo da prole de camundongos e in vitro em culturas de neuroblastos e micróglias de proteínas das vias da serotonina e/ou inflamação e do fator neurotrófico BDNF
    (Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2019-03-21) Dias, Clarissa Tavares [UNIFESP]; De Oliveira, Flavia [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3387760393535776; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8701131899270187; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Introduction: Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption promotes a systemic inflammatory condition that may impair the offspring brain development, damaging memory and learning once it reaches the hippocampus. In vitro administration of saturated fatty acid palmitate in neural cells cultures (such as neuroblasts and microglia) may mimic the potential effects investigated in vivo. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate maternal HFD effects, in vivo, during pregnancy and lactation, upon dams/mice offspring’ nutritional status; protein and gene expression of inflammatory pathway (JNK, pJNK and TNF-α) and serotonin system molecules’ (Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 (TPH2); SERT – serotonin transporter; 5-HT1A receptor (5HT1A) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on 30 and 70 days old mice offspring’ hippocampus, recently weaned and adult, respectively; and in vitro through the response of N2a and BV2 cell cultures (neuroblasts and microglia, respectively) treated with a saturated fatty acid (palmitate), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-α. Methods: In the in vivo study, Swiss female mice were fed a control diet (CD, 14.7% fat) or HFD (45.0% fat) from pre-mating to lactation. After weaning the offspring received CD up to the 70th post natal day (p70). Body weight and visceral adiposity (retroperitoneal and gonadal adipose tissue) of dams and offspring (p30 and p70) were measured. The blood of p70 offspring was collected for biochemical assessments of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. After euthanasia, the hippocampus of p30 and p70 offspring were dissected for evaluations of the protein and gene expression of BDNF and the inflammatory pathways and serotonergic system molecules listed in the objectives, through the techniques of Western Blotting, RT-qPCR and ELISA. In the in vitro study, N2a and BV-2 cells were treated for 3 hours with LPS (0.5μg / ml) or BSA-conjugated Palmitate (500μM). N2a cells were also treated with different concentrations of TNF-α (0.1 ng / ml and 10 ng / ml). The protein extracts from these cells were submitted to ELISA (targeting TNF-α on N2a cells) and Western Blot analysis.Results: Our findings show that HFD-fed dams (during pre-mating and pregnancy), and HFD-offspring (throughout life) exhibited an increased body weight gain and visceral adipose tissue when compared to control animals. Adult offspring of HFD mothers also had an increase in LDL-cholesterol. The hippocampus of offspring born to HFD-fed dams showed: 1) increased protein expression of TPH2, BDNF and pJNK and gene expression of TNF-α in p30 and 2) reduction of BDNF protein expression and a tendency to decrease 5-HT1A protein expression in p70. However, these changes in the serotonergic system in HFD-offspring didn’t lead to changes in hippocampal serotonin levels. The hippocampus of the p30 HFD-offspring presented a pro-inflammatory environment, unlike p70 HFD-offspring. In the in vitro study, N2a cells didn’t respond to the inflammatory stimuli induced by exposure to LPS, Palmitate and TNF-α, unlike BV2 cells, which exhibited increased protein expression of pJNK. Conclusions: In the in vivo study maternal HFD promoted an obesity phenotype with increased body weight and visceral adiposity; increased protein and gene expression of the proinflammatory proteins pJNK and TNF-α. There were distinct changes in the serotonergic system and neurotrophic factor between the studied life stages (increased TPH2 and BDNF protein expression in p30 and reduced BDNF protein expression and downregulation tendency of the 5-HT1A receptor in p70). These findings indicate that the offspring serotonergic system appears to be sensitive to the inflammatory effects of maternal HFD, enabling neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits in offspring, since serotonin is associated with stimuli to neurogenesis, memory, and learning. In addition, BV-2 cells prove to be a suitable in vitro model for the study of neuroinflammation and suggests that hippocampal inflammation may be a microglial response to saturated fatty acids from HFD.
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    Efeitos do tratamento com a galantamina na prole de genitores submetidos a sobrecarga de frutose: papel do reflexo colinérgico anti-inflamatório
    (Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2024-06-27) Miranda, Victor Hugo Martins de [Unifesp]; De Angelis, Kátia [Unifesp]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4299344810509965; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0549849491760079
    Objetivo: Investigamos os efeitos neuroimunes, cardiometabólicos e autonômicos do tratamento com a galantamina (GAL) na prole de genitores de ratos submetidos ao consumo crônico de frutose, bem como a participação do reflexo colinérgico anti-inflamatório, por meio da desnervação dos nervos esplênico e colinérgicos, nessa condição. Métodos: Foram utilizados ratos Wistar (genitores) que foram submetidos à sobrecarga de frutose na água de beber (10%) ou ao consumo de água por 60 dias. Em seguida, os genitores foram alocados em caixas para propiciar o acasalamento. A sobrecarga de frutose para as fêmeas foi mantida até o final da lactação. Aos 21 dias de vida (final da lactação) a prole dos genitores (n=40), foi separada em 4 grupos (5 machos e 5 fêmeas por grupo): controle (C), frutose (F), frutose tratado com GAL (GAL) e frutose desnervado tratado com a GAL (D+GAL) (5mg/Kg/ v.o.). Tais grupos, receberam ração padrão e água ad libitum, e foram avaliados e comparados após 30 dias (4 semanas) do desmame quanto a parâmetros metabólicos, hemodinâmicos, neuroimunes (autonômicos e inflamatórios) e de estresse oxidativo. Resultados: O grupo F apresentou redução da constante de decaimento da glicose plasmática (KITT) e aumento da pressão arterial média (PAM) e da frequência cardíaca (FC) (vs. C). Já o grupo GAL teve redução do KITT e da PAM (vs. F e D+GAL) e FC (vs. F). O grupo D+GAL apresentou aumento do KITT, PAM e FC (vs. C). Na modulação autonômica, o grupo F teve redução da variância do intervalo de pulso (Var-IP) e da banda de alta frequência normalizado (HF-IP (nu)), e aumento da banda de baixa frequência normalizado (LF-IP (nu)) e do balanço simpato vagal (LF/HF) cardíacos (vs. C). Os grupos GAL e D+GAL apresentaram aumento do RMSSD, da banda de alta frequência normalizada (HF-IP (nu)) e diminuição do LF-IP (nu) e do LF/HF (vs. F). O grupo F teve aumento (vs. C) na variância e na banda de baixa frequência da pressão arterial sistólica (LF-PAS), enquanto o grupo GAL apresentou diminuição nesses índices. Já o grupo D+GAL manteve o aumento da variância da PAS e do LF-PAS (vs. C). Na sensibilidade do barorreflexo o grupo F apresentou diminuição das respostas bradicárdica e taquicárdica (vs. C). O grupo GAL apresentou aumento das respostas bradicárdica (vs. F) e taquicárdica (vs. F e D+ GAL) . No baço somente os grupos F e D+GAL apresentaram aumento de TNF- α (vs.xC). No entanto, no coração o grupo F teve aumento de TNF-α e da NADPH oxidase e redução da FRAP e da atividade da CAT (vs. C), o que não foi observado nos grupos GAL e D+GAL. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para dano oxidativo avaliado por lipoperoxidação e oxidação de proteínas no coração e no baço. Conclusão: A prole de ratos submetidos ao consumo exacerbado de frutose apresentou, antes da maturação sexual, disfunções cardiometabólicas acompanhadas de alterações neuroimunes e desbalanço de marcadores pró e antioxidantes. A tratamento com GAL atenuou essas alterações, demonstrando papel fundamental da disfunção autonômica. A desnervação esplênica, apesar de não alterar os benefícios cardíacos, impediu a modulação da inflamação no baço, da disautonomia vascular e da pressão arterial induzidas pela GAL, sugerindo participação do reflexo colinérgico inflamatório nesta condição.
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    Effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on endurance exercise performance of pregnant rats
    (Elsevier B.V., 2009-04-01) Monteiro, G. A. [UNIFESP]; Aoki, M. S.; Santos, C. B. [UNIFESP]; Monteiro, A. G. [UNIFESP]; Russo, A. [UNIFESP]; Piçarro, Ivan da Cruz [UNIFESP]; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Aims. - the present study evaluated the effects of BCAA supplementation on exercise performance of pregnant rats.Methods. - in order to assess these effects, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary not-supplemented (SNS, n = 8); sedentary supplemented (SS, n = 8); trained not-supplemented (TNS, n = 8) and trained supplemented (TS, n = 8). All groups were submitted to the endurance test until exhaustion (ET) and post-effort lactate (PEL) determination before pregnancy (ET-B and PEL-B) and at the 19th day of pregnancy (ET-19 and PEL-19).Results. - the endurance training significantly increased the ET time to exhaustion (p<0.05). Regardless of BCAA supplementation, both endurance trained groups (TS and TNS) showed a longer time to exhaustion, assessed by ET, compared with the sedentary groups (SS and SNS) (p < 0.05). in the TNS, ET-19 time to exhaustion decreased when compared with the period before pregnancy. On the other hand, ET-19 time to exhaustion was not affected in the TS at the end of the pregnancy period. in addition, TS showed a marked PEL-19 reduction when compared with PEL-B. the data presented herein suggest that BCAA supplementation plays an ergogenic role in the maintenance of exercise performance during pregnancy in rats. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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    Estudo do disco epifisário de camundongos fêmeas lactantes com hiperprolactinemia e seus filhotes
    (Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2020-01-30) Araujo Junior, Osvaldo Pereira [UNIFESP]; Simoes, Manuel De Jesus [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo
    Objective: To evaluate the epiphyseal plate growing (EPG) of offspring de lactating mice with hiperprolactinemia induce by metoclopramida. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 20 adult female mice were divided into 2 groups with 10 animals/each: control group (GI, Ctr-L) – received the vehicle (0.2 mL saline) and treated group (GII, HPrl-L) – received metoclopramide (200 µg/day dissolved in vehicle). All animals received subcutaneous injections for 50 consecutive days. After 50 days 10 females of each group were placed for mating with males and continued to receive treatment (during pregnancy until 10th day of breastfeeding). The offsprings make four (4) groups: female offsprings (GIII and GIV), and male offspring (GV and GVI) pups of the control group and of the treated group, respectively. After the period of breastfeeding the animals (offsprings) were sacrificed after deep anesthesia and withdrew from the right knee in order to analyze the cartilaginous and bone tissue. The knee was fixed in 10% formaldehyde, decalcification and then subjected to histological processing for inclusion in paraffin. Slides were stained by H&E for morphometric analysis. The hormonal levels were assessed by ELISA and RIA. The results were subjected to statistical analysis by student-t. Results: depth to epiphyseal plate of the female offspring: resting zone (GI: 32,37 r 3,44 µm e GII: 37,32 r 3,42 µm, p < 0.05), proliferating zone (GI: 188,32 r 32,59 µm e GII: 213,18 r 23,06 µm, p < 0.05), e hypertrophic zone (GI: 372,59 r 45,50 µm e GII: 379,59 r 50,13 µm), e male offspring: resting zone (GIII: 33,18 r 3,55 µm e GIV: 34,88 r 3,15 µm), proliferating zone (GIII: 216,67 r 26,27 µm e GIV: 214,47 r 29,84 µm) e hypertrophic zone (GIII: 326,30 r 37,91 µm e GIV: 368,20 r 41,68 µm, p < 0.05). Conclusion: the morphometric results showed alteration of the epiphyseal disk thickness of the female and lactating mother pups with metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia, a fact that suggests compromise in the development of bone growth.
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    Lifetime psychopathology among the offspring of Bipolar I parents
    (Faculdade de Medicina / USP, 2011-01-01) Zappitelli, Marcelo Cardoso [UNIFESP]; Bordin, Isabel Altenfelder Santos [UNIFESP]; Hatch, John P.; Caetano, Sheila Cavalcante [UNIFESP]; Zunta-Soares, Giovana; Olvera, Rene L.; Soares, Jair C.; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); The University of Texas Health Science Center Departments of Psychiatry and Orthodontics; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); University of Texas Health Science Center; The University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Psychiatry
    BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated high rates of psychopathology in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to identify psychiatric diagnoses in a sample of children of bipolar parents. METHOD: This case series comprised 35 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years, with a mean age of 12.5 + 2.9 years (20 males and 15 females), who had at least one parent with bipolar disorder type I. The subjects were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Family psychiatric history and demographics were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the offspring studied, 71.4% had a lifetime diagnosis of at least one psychiatric disorder (28.6% with a mood disorder, 40% with a disruptive behavior disorder and 20% with an anxiety disorder). Pure mood disorders (11.4%) occurred less frequently than mood disorders comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (17.1%). Psychopathology was commonly reported in second-degree relatives of the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (71.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support previous findings of an increased risk for developing psychopathology, predominantly mood and disruptive disorders, in the offspring of bipolar individuals. Prospective studies with larger samples are needed to confirm and expand these results.
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    Maternal seizures can affect the brain developing of offspring
    (Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2016) Cossa, Ana Carolina [UNIFESP]; Lima, Daiana Correia [UNIFESP]; do Vale, Tiago Gurgel; Alves de Alencar Rocha, Anna Karynna [UNIFESP]; Naffah-Mazzacoratti, Maria da Graca [UNIFESP]; da Silva Fernandes, Maria Jose [UNIFESP]; Amado, Debora [UNIFESP]
    To elucidate the impact of maternal seizures in the developing rat brain, pregnant Wistar rats were subjected to the pilocarpine-induced seizures and pups from different litters were studied at different ages. In the first 24 h of life, blood glucose and blood gases were analyzed. C-14-leucine [C-14-Leu] incorporation was used to analyze protein synthesis at PN1, and Western Blot method was used to analyze protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the hippocampus (PN3-PN21). During the first 22 days of postnatal life, body weight gain, length, skull measures, tooth eruption, eye opening and righting reflex have been assessed. Pups from naive mothers were used as controls. Experimental pups showed a compensated metabolic acidosis and hyperglycemia. At PN1, the [C-14-Leu] incorporation into different studied areas of experimental pups was lower than in the control pups. During development, the protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and PARP-1 in the hippocampus of experimental pups were altered when compared with control pups. A decreased level of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins was verified in the early postnatal age (PN3), and an increased level of pro-apoptotic proteins concomitant with a reduced level of anti-apoptotic protein was observed at the later stages of the development (PN21). Experimental pups had a delay in postnatal growth and development beyond disturb in protein synthesis and some protein expression during development. These changes can be result from hormonal alterations linked to stress and/or hypoxic events caused by maternal epileptic seizures during pregnancy.
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    Preserved white matter in unmedicated pediatric bipolar disorder
    (Elsevier B.V., 2014-09-05) Teixeira, Ana Maria Aristimunho; Kleinman, Ana; Zanetti, Marcus; Jackowski, Marcel [UNIFESP]; Duran, Fábio Luís de Souza; Pereira, Fabricio; Lafer, Beny; Busatto Filho, Geraldo [UNIFESP]; Caetano, Sheila Cavalcante; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    White matter (WM) abnormalities have been reported in bipolar disorder (BD) patients, as well as in their non-BD relatives, both children and adults. Although it is considered an emerging vulnerability marker for BD, there are no studies investigating WM alterations in pediatric unmedicated patients and young healthy offspring. in this study, we evaluated the presence of WM alterations in 18 pediatric, non medicated BD patients, as well as in 18 healthy offspring of BD type I parents and 20 healthy controls. 3T DT-MRI data were acquired and scans were processed with tract-based spatial statistics to provide measures of fractional anisotropy and diffusivity. We found no significant differences in WM microstructure between BD patients, healthy offspring and healthy controls. Previous studies that reported WM alterations investigated older subjects, either on medication (BD patients) or with psychiatric diagnoses other than BD (unaffected offspring). Our findings highlight the importance of the understanding of disease ontogeny and brain development dynamics in the search for early vulnerability markers for psychiatric disorders. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Quality of life in youth with bipolar disorder and unaffected offspring of parents with bipolar disorder
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Gomes, Bernardo C.; Kleinman, Ana; Carvalho, Andrea Ferrari; Pereira, Tatiana Couto F.; Gurgel, Ana Paola; Lafer, Beny; Busatto, Geraldo F.; Caetano, Sheila C. [UNIFESP]; de Almeida Rocca, Cristiana Castanho
    Background: There have been few studies investigating quality of life (QoL) in pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) patients and none comparing it with that observed in unaffected offspring of parents with BD and healthy controls. Methods: The self-report Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Research version (YQoL-R) was administered in 26 pediatric BD patients, 17 unaffected offspring of parents with BD, and 24 individuals with no history of DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorders. All diagnoses were determined through interviews based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version. Results: There were statistical differences among the groups for all YQoL-R domains. Pairwise comparisons showed that perceived QoL was significantly worse in the BD group than in the unaffected offspring and healthy subjects, a difference that persisted even when only euthymic subjects were analyzed. There were no significant differences between the unaffected offspring and healthy subjects for any YQoL-R domain. Limitations: Our sample was small. There was no QoL report from subjects parents nor data about family environment or BD parents' mood state. Conclusions: There is a need for studies to investigate in greater detail the relationship between QoL and psychological resilience, particularly in the unaffected offspring of parents with BD. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Swimming of pregnant rats at different water temperatures
    (Elsevier B.V., 2003-08-01) Osorio, Rodrigo Alexis Lazo [UNIFESP]; Silveira, Vera Lucia Flor [UNIFESP]; Maldjian, S. [UNIFESP]; Morales Junior, A. [UNIFESP]; Christofani, Junia Scarlatelli [UNIFESP]; Russo, Adriana Kowalesky [UNIFESP]; Silva, Antonio Carlos da [UNIFESP]; Piçarro, Ivan da Cruz [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Univ Vale Paraiba
    We studied the chronic effect of exercise during water immersion, associated with thermal stress (water temperature at 22, 35 and 40 degreesC) at an intensity of 80% of maximal work load supported in pregnant rats (P) and non-pregnant female rats (NP). P and NP were subdivided into three subgroups according to water temperature during exercise (P22 and NP22; P35 and NP35; P40 and NP40). the animals were submitted to daily swimming sessions of 10-15 min, for 19 days of pregnancy (P) or experimental conditions (NP). Plasma concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin and corticosterone were determined 24 h after the last exercise session. Weight gain and rectal temperature pre- and post-swimming session were also determined. the offspring were examined just after caesarian section on the 20th day of pregnancy to check weight, length and litter size. Pregnant rats showed an increase of triglycerides, reduction of glycemia, total protein and albumin and cholesterol (at 35 degreesC) when compared to non-pregnant animals. Such effects probably lead to an adequate delivery of substrate to the fetus and prepare the mother for lactation. Daily thermal stress did not modify metabolic responses to exercise in pregnant rats. Results also show a deleterious effect on offspring when the mother is exposed daily to extreme temperatures during swimming. These results suggest that water temperature (cold and hot) in swimming have to be considered to avoid damage in fetal development. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience: a qualitative study with Brazilian offspring of Holocaust survivors
    (Biomed Central Ltd, 2012-09-03) Braga, Luciana Lorens [UNIFESP]; Mello, Marcelo Feijo [UNIFESP]; Fiks, Jose Paulo [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Background: Over the past five decades, clinicians and researchers have debated the impact of the Holocaust on the children of its survivors. the transgenerational transmission of trauma has been explored in more than 500 articles, which have failed to reach reliable conclusions that could be generalized. the psychiatric literature shows mixed findings regarding this subject: many clinical studies reported psychopathological findings related to transgenerational transmission of trauma and some empirical research has found no evidence of this phenomenon in offspring of Holocaust survivors.Method: This qualitative study aims to detect how the second generation perceives transgenerational transmission of their parents' experiences in the Holocaust. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with fifteen offspring of Holocaust survivors and sought to analyze experiences, meanings and subjective processes of the participants. A Grounded Theory approach was employed, and constant comparative method was used for analysis of textual data.Results: the development of conceptual categories led to the emergence of distinct patterns of communication from parents to their descendants. the qualitative methodology also allowed systematization of the different ways in which offspring can deal with parental trauma, which determine the development of specific mechanisms of traumatic experience or resilience in the second generation.Conclusions: the conceptual categories constructed by the Grounded Theory approach were used to present a possible model of the transgenerational transmission of trauma, showing that not only traumatic experiences, but also resilience patterns can be transmitted to and developed by the second generation. As in all qualitative studies, these conclusions cannot be generalized, but the findings can be tested in other contexts.
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    Zinc deficient diet consequences for pregnancy andoffsprings of Wistar rats
    (Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM, 1995-02-01) Solé, Dirceu [UNIFESP]; Rieckmann, Brigitte [UNIFESP]; Lippelt, Raquel Mattos Costa [UNIFESP]; Lippelt, Ronaldo Tadeu Tucci [UNIFESP]; Amancio, Olga Maria Silverio [UNIFESP]; Queiroz, Suzana de Souza [UNIFESP]; Naspitz, Charles Kirov [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Adult female Wistar rats (90 days old; weight 180 to 220 grams) were submitted to different zinc deficient diets (Zn; severe = 2.6 ppm; mild = 9.0 ppm and normal diet = 81.6 ppm), during 6 weeks. After this time they were coupled with normal male Wistar rats. No differences regarding fecundity and sterility were observed between the groups. During pregnancy, part of the animals from severe and mild Zn deficient groups received the same diet and the others received normal diet. The animals from the group receiving normal diet, were divided into other 3: the first received severe, the second mild Zn deficient diet and the third normal diet. During the study we observed that animals submitted to a Zn deficient diet (acute or chronic) had tendency to lower weight gain, lower weight of the offspring, lower serum levels of Zn in maternal and newborn (pool) blood. A significant reduction in the number of alive newborns was observed in the group of animals submitted to severe Zn deficiency. These data reinforces that Zn is a very important trace element overall during pregnancy.