Navegando por Palavras-chave "Brazilian Amazon"
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- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Assessment of fire emission inventories during the south american biomass burning analysis (sambba) experiment(Copernicus gesellschaft mbh, 2016) Pereira, Gabriel; Siqueira, Ricardo; Rosario, Nilton E. [UNIFESP]; Longo, Karla L.; Freitas, Saulo R.; Cardozo, Francielle S.; Kaiser, Johannes W.; Wooster, Martin J.Fires associated with land use and land cover changes release large amounts of aerosols and trace gases into the atmosphere. Although several inventories of biomass burning emissions cover Brazil, there are still considerable uncertainties and differences among them. While most fire emission inventories utilize the parameters of burned area, vegetation fuel load, emission factors, and other parameters to estimate the biomass burned and its associated emissions, several more recent inventories apply an alternative method based on fire radiative power (FRP) observations to estimate the amount of biomass burned and the corresponding emissions of trace gases and aerosols. The Brazilian Biomass Burning Emission Model (3BEM) and the Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINN) are examples of the first, while the Brazilian Biomass Burning Emission Model with FRP assimilation (3BEM_FRP) and the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) are examples of the latter. These four biomass burning emission inventories were used during the South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) field campaign. This paper analyzes and inter-compared them, focusing on eight regions in Brazil and the time period of 1 September-31 October 2012. Aerosol optical thickness (AOT(550aEuro-nm)) derived from measurements made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) operating on board the Terra and Aqua satellites is also applied to assess the inventories' consistency. The daily area-averaged pyrogenic carbon monoxide (CO) emission estimates exhibit significant linear correlations (r, paEuro- > aEuro-0.05 level, Student t test) between 3BEM and FINN and between 3BEM_ FRP and GFAS, with values of 0.86 and 0.85, respectively. These results indicate that emission estimates in this region derived via similar methods tend to agree with one other. However, they differ more from the estimates derived via the alternative approach. The evaluation of MODIS AOT(550aEuro-nm) indicates that model simulation driven by 3BEM and FINN typically underestimate the smoke particle loading in the eastern region of Amazon forest, while 3BEM_FRP estimations to the area tend to overestimate fire emissions. The daily regional CO emission fluxes from 3BEM and FINN have linear correlation coefficients of 0.75-0.92, with typically 20-30aEuro-% higher emission fluxes in FINN. The daily regional CO emission fluxes from 3BEM_FRP and GFAS show linear correlation coefficients between 0.82 and 0.90, with a particularly strong correlation near the arc of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. In this region, GFAS has a tendency to present higher CO emissions than 3BEM_FRP, while 3BEM_FRP yields more emissions in the area of soybean expansion east of the Amazon forest. Atmospheric aerosol optical thickness is simulated by using the emission inventories with two operational atmospheric chemistry transport models: the IFS from Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) and the Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (CCATT-BRAMS). Evaluation against MODIS observations shows a good representation of the general patterns of the AOT(550aEuro-nm) time series. However, the aerosol emissions from fires with particularly high biomass consumption still lead to an underestimation of the atmospheric aerosol load in both models.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosBMI gain and insulin resistance among school-aged children: a population-based longitudinal study in the Brazilian Amazon(Cambridge Univ Press, 2014-12-14) Lourenco, Barbara H.; Gimeno, Suely G. A. [UNIFESP]; Cardoso, Marly A.; ACTION Study Team; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Investigation of the determinants of metabolic outcomes associated with non-communicable diseases is increasingly important in developing countries, but such parameters have not been explored extensively during childhood. the present study assessed the impact of weight gain, measured as BMI-for-age Z-scores, on glucose and insulin concentrations, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during school years among Amazonian children. A population-based prospective study of 696 children aged >4 to <= 10 years with complete anthropometric information at baseline (51% females and 86% of mixed race) was carried out; 411 children had data on metabolic parameters after a median follow-up period of 2.0 years (range 1.7-2.6 years). During follow-up, there was a significant increase in the proportion of overweight children (BMI-for-age Z-score >1) from 10.1 to 15.8% (P = 0.003). in linear regression models adjusted for the child's sex, age, race/ethnicity, baseline household wealth, birth weight and pubertal development stage, for each unit of BMI-for-age Z-score variation during follow-up, an increase of 8.58 (95% CI 7.68, 9.60) pmol/l in fasting plasma insulin concentrations and 1.47 (95% CI 1.30, 1.66) in HOMA-IR values was observed. There was no significant impact of weight gain on glucose concentrations and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. in conclusion, we found evidence that an increase in BMI during a 2-year period affected insulin resistance during school years. Considering the significant increase in overweight in this age group, special attention should be paid to monitoring increases in BMI in children from the Brazilian Amazon.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosThe Brazilian Amazon Region Eye Survey: Design and Methods(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2017) Salomao, Solange R. [UNIFESP]; Furtado, Joao Marcello [UNIFESP]; Berezovsky, Adriana [UNIFESP]; Cavascan, Nivea N. [UNIFESP]; Ferraz, Alberto N. [UNIFESP]; Cohen, Jacob M.; Munoz, Sergio; Belfort, Rubens, Jr. [UNIFESP]Purpose: To describe the study design, operational strategies, procedures, and baseline characteristics of the Brazilian Amazon Region Eye Survey (BARES), a population-based survey of the prevalence and causes of distance and near visual impairment and blindness in older adults residing in the city of Parintins. Methods: Cluster sampling, based on geographically defined census sectors, was used for cross-sectional random sampling of persons 45 years and older from urban and rural areas. Subjects were enumerated through a door-to-door survey and invited for measurement of uncorrected, presenting and best-corrected visual acuity and an ocular examination. Results: Of 9931 residents (5878 urban and 4053 rural), 2384 individuals (1410 urban and 974 rural) were eligible and 2041 (1180 urban and 861 rural) had a clinical examination (response rate 85.6%). The majority of participants were female (1041, 51.0%) the average age was 59.9 +/- 11.1 years (60.2 +/- 11.2 years for urban and 59.4 +/- 11.1 years for rural) 1360 (66.6%) had primary schooling or less (58.1% in urban and 78.4% in rural) and 57.8% were resident in urban areas. The age distribution between sexes was similar (p = 0.178). Both sex and age distributions of the sample were comparable to that of the Brazilian Amazon Region population. Conclusions: The BARES cohort will provide information about the prevalence and causes of near and distance vision in this underprivileged and remote population in Brazil.
- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Fatores associados ao crescimento linear e ao peso atingido no primeiro ano de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre(Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2019) Paghi Dal Bom, Juliana [UNIFESP]; Lourenço, Bárbara Hatzlhoffer [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9838866267589607; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6878298132929268; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Objective: To investigate the associated factors with linear growth and weight attained in the first year of life in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Methods: The present study is part of the MINA Study, a population-based birth cohort whose baseline data collection occurred between July 1, 2015 and June 30, 2016, from all hospital admissions for delivery of residents in the municipality, with assessment of sociodemographic and health history information. At 10-15 months, follow-up interviews were conducted to collect data on maternal and infant characteristics, as well as perform an anthropometric evaluation. Outcomes of interest were length for age and body mass index (BMI) for age Z-scores according to the World Health Organization growth standards. From a hierarchical conceptual model with determinants at distal, intermediate and proximal levels and adjustment for the child’s age and sex, multiple linear regression models were fitted for length for age and BMI for age Z-scores, as well as multiple logistic regression models for overweight (BMI for age Z-score >2.0). Results: A total of 772 babies were followed-up at 10-15 months, 52.2% female. At baseline, 39% of participants were beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program, 30% reported up to 9 years of schooling, and 31% of the mothers did not attend the minimum recommended number of 6 prenatal appointments. At 26 (SD: 6.6) years of age, mean maternal height was 157.5 cm (SD: 6.0) and 45% were overweight. At birth, mean weight and length for gestational age Zscores were 0.19 (SD: 0.99) and 0.11 (SD: 1.05). During the first year, 2.7% of the children were affected by malaria. Regarding nutritional status, 2.0% of girls and 2.4% of boys were stunted while 6.7% of girls and 6.0% of boys were overweight, with no differences between the sexes. In multiple models for the length for age Z-score, a positive ossociation with wealth index quintiles and maternal height (p for trend <0.01) was observed. An increase of 1 Z-score of birth weight and length for gestational age corresponded to a mean length for age 0.17 (95% CI: 0.07; 0.27) and 0.15 (95% CI: 0.05; 0.25) Z-score higher in the first year. Children with malaria in the first year had a linear growth -0.58 (95% CI: -1.05, -0.11) Z-score lower in comparison with those unaffected. In adjusted analyzes for BMI for age Z-score, there was an inverse relationship with receipt of the Bolsa Família Program (-0.16 Z-score, 95% CI -0.31; -0.00) and maternal age (-0.25 Z-score, 95% CI -0.49, -0.02 for infants born to mothers aged ≥30 years). There was a positive association with maternal BMI and birth weight Z-score (p for trend <0.01). In multiple models for overweight, there was a positive association with wealth index quintiles (p for trend <0.01). An increase of 1 Z-score of birth weight resulted in a 37% greater chance of being overweight in the first year (95% CI 1.03, 1.81). Conclusions: Positive associations of socioeconomic context, intergenerational influences and birth size with linear growth and weight attained in the first year of life were confirmed. In addition, there was a relevant and consistently negative impact of the occurrence of malaria on linear growth of infants. Strategies involving potentially modifiable factors associated with nutritional status at 10-15 months may be particularly relevant from the perspective of a critical window of opportunity up to one thousand days of life.
- ItemSomente MetadadadosNet nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification rates in soils following deforestation for pasture across the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin landscape(Springer, 1997-04-01) Neill, C.; Piccolo, M. C.; Cerri, C. C.; Steudler, P. A.; Melillo, J. M.; Brito, M.; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Previous studies of the effect of tropical forest conversion to cattle pasture on soil N dynamics showed that rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were lower in pastures compared with the original forest. in this study, we sought to determine the generality of these patterns by examining soil inorganic N concentrations, net mineralization and nitrification rates in 6 forests and 11 pastures 3 years old or older on ultisols and oxisols that encompassed a wide variety of soil textures and spanned a 700-km geographical range in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin state of Rondonia, We sampled each site during October-November and April-May. Forest soils had higher extractable NO3--N and total inorganic N concentrations than pasture soils, but substantial NO3--N occurred in both forest and pasture soils. Rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were higher in forest soils. Greater concentrations of soil organic matter in finer textured soils were associated with greater rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification, but this relationship was true only under native forest vegetation; rates were uniformly low in pastures, regardless of soil type or texture. Net N mineralization and net nitrification rates per unit of total soil organic matter showed no pattern across the different forest sites, suggesting that controls of net N mineralization may be broadly similar across a wide range of soil types. Similar reductions in rates of net N transformations in pastures 3 years old or older across a range of textures on these soils suggest that changes to soil N cycling caused by deforestation for pasture may be Basin-wide in extent. Lower net N mineralization and net nitrification rates in established pastures suggest that annual N losses from largely deforested landscapes may be lower than losses from the original forest. Total ecosystem N losses since deforestation are likely to depend on the balance between lower N loss rates from established pastures and the magnitude and duration of N losses that occur in the years immediately following forest clearing.
- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Volunteer tourism: contradictions and dilemmas(V&V Editora, 2022) Rabinovici, Andrea [UNIFESP]; Lenci, Flávia Silveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4506171831521594; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9702655503756677Volunteer tourism or voluntourism is a topic that has been increasingly researched, as it is becoming a common practice. There are several ways to practice this tourism and, in general, specialized agencies promote it, as a new modality that can be offered to a specific public, who seek these trips based on several motivations. They vary from the real desire to practice solidarity, to taking vacations with some “purpose”, or even to have in the curriculum the practice of good actions while learning new content that can be valued in the search for jobs. In addition, practicing volunteer tourism in remote locations, in communities around the world, can also serve for sociability purposes, and to discover new places that are often the object of desire for many people. The encounters produced by these tourists and the communities they seek to serve are full of interactions and can result in countless concrete gains for both, but also can cause new conflicts that did not exist before. The logic that promotes these meetings, that often does not show concern and effective preparation and qualification of those involved for the activity, can bring unexpected and inappropriate results. There are several reports in this sense that have already been publicized, some of them even being alarming, especially when they show cases of volunteer tourism whose actions perpetuate situations of poverty in order to continue offering the activity as a source of income for some entrepreneurs, without concern for the populations that motivated the initiative. This book is based on a MsC thesis that accompanied a volunteer tourism expedition promoted by a tourism agency, to a community in the Brazilian Amazon. Through observation of this activity, interviews with those involved, in addition to documentary and bibliographical research on the subject and the mapping of other experiences, it aimed to contextualize the subject in a didactic, reflective, and critical way.