Repositório Institucional - Unifesp :: Navegando por Palavras-chave "Air pollution"

Navegando por Palavras-chave "Air pollution"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Air pollution effects on myocardial infarction
(Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, 2006-06-01) Cendon Filha, Sônia Perez [UNIFESP]; Pereira, Luiz Alberto Amador [UNIFESP]; Braga, Alfésio Luís Ferreira [UNIFESP]; Conceição, Gleice Margarete de Souza [UNIFESP]; Cury Junior, Abraão [UNIFESP]; Romaldini, Hélio [UNIFESP]; Lopes, Antonio Carlos [UNIFESP]; Saldiva, Paulo Hilário Nascimento; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
OBJECTIVE: Myocardial infarction is an acute and severe cardiovascular disease that generally leads to patient admissions to intensive care units and few cases are initially admitted to infirmaries. The objective of the study was to assess whether estimates of air pollution effects on myocardial infarction morbidity are modified by the source of health information. METHODS: The study was carried out in hospitals of the Brazilian Health System in the city of São Paulo, Southern Brazil. A time series study (1998-1999) was performed using two outcomes: infarction admissions to infirmaries and to intensive care units, both for people older than 64 years of age. Generalized linear models controlling for seasonality (long and short-term trends) and weather were used. The eight-day cumulative effects of air pollutants were assessed using third degree polynomial distributed lag models. RESULTS: Almost 70% of daily hospital admissions due to myocardial infarction were to infirmaries. Despite that, the effects of air pollutants on infarction were higher for intensive care units admissions. All pollutants were positively associated with the study outcomes but SO2 presented the strongest statistically significant association. An interquartile range increase on SO2 concentration was associated with increases of 13% (95% CI: 6-19) and 8% (95% CI: 2-13) of intensive care units and infirmary infarction admissions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It may be assumed there is a misclassification of myocardial infarction admissions to infirmaries leading to overestimation. Also, despite the absolute number of events, admissions to intensive care units data provides a more adequate estimate of the magnitude of air pollution effects on infarction admissions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da metodologia de avaliação de impacto à saúde no Brasil com enfoque a grandes empreendimentos e políticas públicas
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2017-04-24) Abe, Karina Camasmie [UNIFESP]; Miraglia, Simone Georges El Khouri [UNIFESP]; Saldiva, Paulo Hilário do Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5450805572417395; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6423311971848669; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8719750781707977; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
Introduction: Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a methodology standardized by the World Health Organization, which aims to insert the health sector in the development of strategies and public enterprises and policies planning, favoring decision-making and better resources allocation and capital investment. Objectives: This work aimed to analyze the AIS methodology applicability, contextualizing into the Brazilian environment and applying it to two case studies, one of which is the analysis of a public policy, in this case, the Pollution Control Program (PROCONVE) and the other, the analysis of large enterprises, in this case, the Rondônia hydroelectric plants, located on the Madeira River. Methods: A narrative review was conducted in order to evaluate the AIS methodology applicability in Brazil. The methodology used in the PROCONVE case study was descriptive analysis, generalized Poisson linear regression, relative risk and economic valuation through DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years). The study site was the municipality of São Paulo between 2000 and 2011, analyzing the association between air pollutants and outcomes in morbidity and cardiorespiratory mortality. The second study addressed the impacts of the construction of two hydroelectric dams on the Madeira River, and a bibliographic review was carried out to build a network of impacts. In order to apply HIA for the characterization of one of the impacts identified in the network, descriptive analysis, segmented regression and economic analysis of the defensive costs for the health system due to the incidence of dengue were conducted. Results: The main results of the PROCONVE case study included associations between pollutants and health outcomes, particulate matter (PM) associated with cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. In addition to the mortality result, most of the pollutants showed a downward trend throughout the study period. The application of HIA in the predictive scenarios showed the importance of reducing pollutant concentrations to obtain years of life and financial resources. According to the assessment, air pollution was responsible for a cost of over US $ 3 billion in the analyzed period, only due to cardiorespiratory mortality. In relation to the results of the hydroelectric study, it was possible to determine an association between the beginning of the construction of the projects and the increase of dengue incidence in the State of Rondônia, which tripled health expenditures for this disease, reaching an annual average of R $ 22 , 4 million in the period after the beginning of the works. Conclusion: 21 The application of HIA for both case studies has proved to be an organized, standardized and transparent way of assessing the effects of both a public policy and a major infrastructure project. For the case study of PROCONVE, it is suggested the immediate revision of the air quality standards in Brazil, while for the study of hydroelectric plants, it is suggested the insertion of HIA in the environmental licensing. Based on the analysis of the application of HIA for both studies, the institutionalization of this methodology, considering Brazilian environment peculiarities, contextualizing it to the local population groups, the availability of reliable data and with the intention of promoting a Relationship between stakeholders and decision makers.
Somente Metadadados
An approach to using heart rate monitoring to estimate the ventilation and load of air pollution exposure
(Elsevier B.V., 2015-07-01) Cozza, Izabela Campos; Trevisan Zanetta, Dirce Maria; Arrabal Fernandes, Frederico Leon; Monteiro da Rocha, Francisco Marcelo [UNIFESP]; Andre, Paulo Afonso de; Bueno Garcia, Maria Lucia; Paceli, Renato Batista; Prado, Gustavo Faibischew; Terra-Filho, Mario; Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo Hilario do; Santos, Ubiratan de Paula; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
Background: the effects of air pollution on health are associated with the amount of pollutants inhaled which depends on the environmental concentration and the inhaled air volume. It has not been clear whether statistical models of the relationship between heart rate and ventilation obtained using laboratory cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) can be applied to an external group to estimate ventilation.Objectives: To develop and evaluate a model to estimate respiratory ventilation based on heart rate for inhaled load of pollutant assessment in field studies.Methods: Sixty non-smoking men; 43 public street workers (public street group) and 17 employees of the Forest Institute (park group) performed a maximum cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Regression equation models were constructed with the heart rate and natural logarithmic of minute ventilation data obtained on CPET. Ten individuals were chosen randomly (public street group) and were used for external validation of the models (test group). All subjects also underwent heart rate register, and particulate matter (PM2.5) monitoring for a 24-hour period.Results: for the public street group, the median difference between estimated and observed data was 0.5 (CI 95% -0.2 to 1.4) l/min and for the park group was 0.2 (CI 95% -0.2 to 1.2) l/min. in the test group, estimated values were smaller than the ones observed in the CPET, with a median difference of -2.4 (CI 95% -4.2 to -1.8) l/min. the mixed model estimated values suggest that this model is suitable for situations in which heart rate is around 120-140 bpm.Conclusion: the mixed effect model is suitable for ventilation estimate, with good accuracy when applied to homogeneous groups, suggesting that, in this case, the model could be used in field studies to estimate ventilation. A small but significant difference in the median of external validation estimates was observed, suggesting that the applicability of the model to external groups needs further evaluation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do impacto do programa de controle da poluição do ar por veículos automotores e da frota em desacordo com o programa na saúde pública da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2018-03-15) Leirião, Luciana Ferreira Leite [UNIFESP]; Miraglia, Simone Georges El Khouri [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
Objective: To evaluate the environmental and health impact of the fleet in disagreement with the actual phases of PROCONVE in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Methods: We conducted a five-year interval analysis between 1985 and 2015 to verify the contribution of vehicles emissions to air quality. Using Aphekom method, we estimated the number of avoided deaths due to the decrease on emission of particulate matter on this period by vehicles. We also conducted bottom-up analysis to detach emissions from vehicles of different ages in 2014 and 2015. We projected a new scenario of emissions replacing those vehicles in disagreement with actual phases of PROCONVE for newer ones. Using the difference between the actual air quality and the one from the projected scenario, we estimated the years of life lost due to emissions by old vehicles. Results: The historical analysis indicated that PROCONVE effects could be noticed only from 1995 on. Between 1995 and 2015, air quality improved16 μg/m³ to particulate matter and it could be associated with 903 nonexternal avoided deaths. The separation of emissions by vehicles of different ages revealed that trucks and buses are the main responsible for particulate matter emissions. A scenario without vehicles in disagreement with actual phases of PROCONVE would decrease the PM10 concentration in 10 μg/m³ and PM2,5 concentration in 6 μg/m³. This air quality improvement could avoid more than 65,000 years of life lost due to air pollution between 2014 and 2015 and save more than US$ 4 bi. Conclusions: Old vehicle which circulate in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo are one of the biggest obstacles to PROCONVE success. The public health costs avoided with an air quality improvement due to retirement of old vehicles could finance change in transportation modes.
Embargo
Avaliação do impacto na saúde da população em cenários de aumento da mobilidade e redução de emissões atmosféricas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2023-06-02) Leirião, Luciana Ferreira Leite [UNIFESP]; Simone, Georges El Khouri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6423311971848669; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0185218541045231
A mobilidade urbana, a poluição atmosférica e a saúde da população são temas pertencentes a diferentes disciplinas que carecem de uma visão integrada, principalmente em centros urbanos de países em desenvolvimento. Esta pesquisa partiu do objetivo de avaliar o impacto em saúde decorrente da expansão da rede de transportes sobre trilhos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Os resultados, no entanto, não se limitaram apenas a esse objetivo, refletindo na elaboração de oito artigos científicos envolvendo os temas supracitados. Dentre os artigos, destacase uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os impactos associados ao transporte sobre trilhos em diferentes âmbitos e um estudo sobre os fatores que mais influenciam a população da RMSP na escolha do transporte sobre trilhos. No primeiro artigo, notouse a ausência de estudos quantitativos que justifiquem e apoiem o elevado investimento inerente a esse modo de transporte. No segundo, percebeuse que a proximidade a uma estação é o principal fator que encoraja o uso do transporte sobre trilhos, assim, a expansão da rede poderia favorecer o uso desse modo de transporte em detrimento do automóvel particular. Ainda tendo o transporte sobre trilhos como objeto de estudo, realizouse uma análise comparativa da poluição atmosférica no município de São Paulo antes e depois da inauguração de estações de metrô e também uma análise preditiva sobre a redução de emissões de poluentes em decorrência da promoção do uso do transporte sobre trilhos por meio da expansão da rede. Ambos os artigos apontaram que a redução na poluição em decorrência do uso do transporte sobre trilhos não é muito expressiva em termos absolutos, possivelmente em decorrência da elevada contribuição dos veículos pesados nas emissões totais da RMSP. Assim, os artigos indicaram que políticas no âmbito de transporte visando uma melhora na qualidade do ar devem obrigatoriamente contemplar os veículos pesados, especialmente caminhões. Os impactos em saúde em decorrência da poluição atmosférica, causada essencialmente por veículos, foram contemplados em outros quatro artigos. Dois deles investigaram os efeitos positivos em termos de melhora na qualidade do ar e óbitos evitados em decorrência da redução de emissões durante a greve de caminhoneiros que ocorreu no Brasil em 2018. Os resultados expressivos obtidos nesses artigos reforçam a necessidade de políticas públicas voltadas ao transporte de carga para a redução da poluição atmosférica em grandes centros urbanos. Outro estudo envolvendo a poluição do ar e a saúde demonstrou que a constante exposição prévia a poluentes contribuiu para a letalidade da Covid19 durante a pandemia. Por fim, no último artigo, propôsse o uso de redes neurais artificiais para a associação da mortalidade cardiorrespiratória e a concentração de múltiplos poluentes. Nesse caso, o método proposto foi capaz de superar limitações inerentes a outros métodos, mantendo baixos erros associados. A partir da análise conjunta dos oito artigos, coloca-se como principais recomendações: a necessidade de implementação de políticas integradas ao invés de isoladas, a importância de o transporte de carga ser reestruturado e a necessidade de estudos quantitativos do tipo preditivo que antecedam a implementação de políticas.
Somente Metadadados
Changes over time in the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and atopic eczema in adolescents from Taubate, Sao Paulo, Brazil (2005-2012): Relationship with living near a heavily travelled highway
(Elsevier Doyma Sl, 2016) Totedo, M. F.; Saraiva-Romanholo, B. M.; Oliveira, R. C.; Saldiva, P. H. N.; Silva, L. F. F.; Nascimento, L. F. C.; Sole, D. [UNIFESP]
Background: The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing. We evaluated temporal trends in the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in adolescents (13-14 years) living in Taubate, SP, Brazil (2005-2012) and assessed the relationship between these prevalences and the residential proximity to Presidente Dutra Highway (PDH, a heavily travelled highway). Methods: This cross-sectional study of adolescents (N=1039) from public and private schools was evaluated using the standard questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) plus a question about their place of residence in relation to PDH. The data obtained were compared to the 2005 data using a chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. An analysis by groups consisting of two phases (two-step cluster) was used to evaluate the effect of living near PDH. Results: There was a lifetime increase in the prevalence of active asthma (15.3% vs. 20.4%, p = 0.005) and physician-diagnosed asthma (6.8% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.06) and a decrease in the symptoms of active rhinitis (36.6% vs. 18.5%) between 2005 and 2012. A high frequency of asthma and rhinitis (18.1% vs. 23.2%, respectively) was observed among adolescents living close or very close to PDH
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Custos da poluição atmosférica nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras
(ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva, 2014-10-01) Miraglia, Simone Georges El Khouri [UNIFESP]; Gouveia, Nelson; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
This study evaluated the economic impact of health events associated with air pollution in Brazilian metropolitan regions. From the estimated mortality attributable to concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in 29 metropolitan areas, with a total of 20,050 deaths, the costs associated with mortality were calculated by means of the use of DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) methodology. The cost of premature deaths in Brazil resulted in $ 1.7 billion annually. Translating losses in public health to economic values served to compare this data with the expense budget of the Ministry of Health and highlight priorities in decision-making of public policies that minimize the magnitude of these impacts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O efeito da poluição atmosférica na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em indivíduos com excesso de peso
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2019-01-31) Base, Luis Henrique [UNIFESP]; Ferreira, Celso [UNIFESP]; Ferreira Filho, Celso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6851397444757156; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5104524767299502; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
Introduction. Among the several factors related to the development of cardiovascular diseases, air pollution and obesity contribute significantly to this increase. Objective. To analyze the effect of air pollution on the autonomic modulation of heart rate in overweight individuals. Method. We analyzed adult individuals, aged between 18 and 49 years, with BMI >25 kg/m2. The municipality of Cubatão (SP) was selected as an experimental area, due to a study carried out by the Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental in 2001 and 2013, which proved toxic sources in the territory. It is a control area located in the municipality of Peruíbe (SP). Intergroup analyzes were performed with the linear indexes of the time and frequency domain, in addition to the geometric indexes. Result. There was a reduction in the general heart rate variability in the overweight individuals exposed to air pollution through SDNN, SD2, RRTri and TINN indexes (p = 0.012, p = 0.013, p-0.009, p = 0.010, respectively). In addition, the indexes responsible for parasympathetic control such as rMSSD, pNN50 and SD1 showed a tendency to fall in their values, as well as, the LF index, which represents the action of the sympathetic, although not significant. Conclusion. The study showed that overweight individuals exposed to air pollution had lower overall HRV when compared to the control group. In addition, parasympathetic and sympathetic modulation were shown to have a downward trend, although not significant.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Effect of air pollution on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo, Brazil
(Associação Brasileira de Divulgação Científica, 2008-06-01) Pereira Filho, M.a. [UNIFESP]; Pereira, L.a.a. [UNIFESP]; Arbex, Flávio Ferlin [UNIFESP]; Arbex, Marcos Abdo [UNIFESP]; Conceição, G.m. [UNIFESP]; Santos, U.p.; Lopes, Antonio Carlos [UNIFESP]; Saldiva, Paulo Hilário Nascimento; Braga, A.l.f.; Cendon Filha, Sônia Perez [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade Católica de Santos Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade de Santo Amaro Faculdade de Medicina Programa de Pediatria Ambiental
Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and these patients, even without previous myocardial infarction, run the risk of fatal coronary heart disease similar to non-diabetic patients surviving myocardial infarction. There is evidence showing that particulate matter air pollution is associated with increases in cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on the association of air pollution with cardiovascular emergency room visits in a tertiary referral hospital in the city of São Paulo. Using a time-series approach, and adopting generalized linear Poisson regression models, we assessed the effect of daily variations in PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 on the daily number of emergency room visits for cardiovascular diseases in diabetic and non-diabetic patients from 2001 to 2003. A semi-parametric smoother (natural spline) was adopted to control long-term trends, linear term seasonal usage and weather variables. In this period, 45,000 cardiovascular emergency room visits were registered. The observed increase in interquartile range within the 2-day moving average of 8.0 µg/m³ SO2 was associated with 7.0% (95%CI: 4.0-11.0) and 20.0% (95%CI: 5.0-44.0) increases in cardiovascular disease emergency room visits by non-diabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. These data indicate that air pollution causes an increase of cardiovascular emergency room visits, and that diabetic patients are extremely susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution on their health conditions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Effect of the exposure to fine inhalable particulate matter (pm2.5) on sperm functional quality of mice
(American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2020-09-01) Intasqui, Paula; Tamashiro, Letícia Kaory; Yariwake, Victor Yuji; Souza, Rosana Xavier; Kanashiro, Camila Matie; Veras, Mariana Matera; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5188240479960852
Objective: To evaluate the effect of exposure to pollution (fine inhalable particulate matter - PM2.5) from the city of São Paulo on sperm functional quality. Design: Male isogenic BALB/c mice were used, distributed in two groups, control (n=6) and polluted air (n=8). For the polluted air group, after weaning (21 days), animals were daily exposed to 600 μg/m3 of PM2,5 for 96 days in an Ambient Particle Concentrator (APC). Control group was simultaneously exposed to filtered air in the APC. On postnatal day 118, animals were sacrificed (isoflurane overdose), body was weighted and the epididymis were collected. Materials and Methods: Sperm obtained from the cauda epididymis were used for the evaluation of motility, mitochondrial activity (DAB staining), acrosome integrity (PNA staining), DNA fragmentation (alkaline comet assay), oxidative stress (DHE staining) and cell viability (PI staining). Groups were compared using an unpaired Student’s t test (p<0.05). Results: Groups did not differ regarding body weight, and sperm motility. Furthermore, air pollution did not alter sperm functional quality (Table 1). Conclusions: Exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 does not affect sperm motility and functional parameters.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da poluição atmosférica no estado de São Paulo associada ao material particulado a partir de satélite
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2019) Araujo, Julia Manfredini de [UNIFESP]; Rosário, Nilton Manuel Évora do [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9719233997872020; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9152342245949689
A poluição atmosférica gerada pelas atividades antrópicas, além da influência no clima, tem efeitos diretos importantes na saúde pública por meio da degradação da qualidade do ar. O Material Particulado (MP) é reconhecidamente o poluente com maior impacto na saúde humana. No estado de São Paulo, foco do presente estudo, as principais fontes de poluição atmosférica são as emissões veiculares, as industriais e a queima de biomassa. O transporte de poluição vindo de áreas remotas é outra fonte importante de MP. Apesar de apresentar a maior cobertura espacial nacional em termos de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, São Paulo ainda possui a maioria dos seus municípios sem qualquer monitoramento. Sendo assim, alternativas de monitoramento que mitiguem a limitada cobertura do monitoramento convencional são necessárias. A aplicação de satélites no monitoramento da qualidade do ar traz a possibilidade de atender uma ampla cobertura geográfica. Entretanto, por ser um método novo e indireto de avaliar a qualidade do ar, avaliações e adequações regionais dos seus produtos são necessárias. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo utiliza 11 anos de dados (2007 a 2017) da profundidade óptica do aerossol (AOD), um indicador da quantidade de MP na atmosfera, derivada das medidas de sensores MODIS a bordo dos satélites Terra e Aqua, com o objetivo de analisar a evolução temporal e espacial da poluição atmosférica associada ao MP no estado de São Paulo na última década. Os resultados revelaram que os anos mais poluídos estão relacionados principalmente com maior transporte de fumaça da região da Amazônia para São Paulo. Quando a influência desse transporte é removida das medidas, as regiões mais poluídas no estado compreendem as áreas metropolitanas de São Paulo, Campinas e Baixada Santista e as porções central e norte estado dominadas pelas plantações de cana-de-açúcar. No caso das áreas de queimadas no interior do estado, não se verificou tendência sistemática de redução nos níveis de AOD nos 11 anos. Pelo contrário, nas áreas a oeste e noroeste do estado, onde ocorreu expansão do cultivo de cana nos últimos anos, observou-se tendência significativa de aumento da poluição.
Somente Metadadados
Evaluation of the air quality benefits of the subway system in São Paulo, Brazil
(Elsevier B.V., 2012-06-30) Pereira da Silva, Cacilda Bastos; Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo Hilario; Amato-Lourenco, Luis Fernando; Rodrigues-Silva, Fernando; El Khouri Miraglia, Simone Georges [UNIFESP]; Companhia Metropolitano São Paulo Metro; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Air pollution is a severe problem in major urban areas due to increasing numbers of vehicles, reduced road capacity and few investments in public transportation, especially in developing countries. Public transportation has a special role in avoiding congestion and consequent environmental and health impacts but is considered expensive.The objective of this paper was to analyze the benefits of the São Paulo subway in terms of the air pollution in the city through strikes events, analyzing both the health outcomes and the related economic burden. for the strike events, increases in air pollutant concentrations during the strike day was observed when compared to a similar day in terms of day of the week and meteorological conditions. Increases in mortality were also observed and the associated economic burden calculated. Despite the elevated construction and operation costs of the subway, when environment and social values are considered, cost-benefit analysis results would indicate a worthwhile investment. the consideration of these aspects is essential to sustainable transportation analyses, and in the case of the São Paulo subway, our analysis clearly demonstrated the important role of this system in the city's environmental, social and economic attributes. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Restrito
Fatores associados ao uso do metrô em São Paulo: uma análise visando a redução da poluição atmosférica
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2023-06-29) Leite, Vinicius Pazini [UNIFESP]; Miraglia, Simone Georges El Khouri [UNIFESP]; Leirião, Luciana Ferreira Leite; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0185218541045231; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6423311971848669; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3999281712911846
A evolução do ser humano na história está ligada à sua locomoção entre diferentes localidades, foi assim que o intercâmbio entre culturas deu início, novos locais foram explorados e conhecimentos foram adquiridos. Com a evolução dos meios de transporte na sociedade, alguns pontos negativos vieram à tona. Nesse contexto, está inserida a poluição que alguns desses meios de transporte causam ao ambiente. Neste trabalho, analisa-se os dados obtidos na Pesquisa Origem e Destino (2017) para se investigar as principais variáveis que influenciam na escolha do metrô (um dos transportes menos poluentes) como modal de transporte para uma viagem na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica completa e atualizada sobre o tema e, logo após a revisão, levantou-se os dados necessários na base de dados da Pesquisa Origem e Destino de 2017 e realizou-se uma redução de dimensionalidade na base através de técnicas estatísticas. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) possibilitou a determinação de quais as principais variáveis que influenciam na escolha do metrô como meio de transporte. Como resultado, chegou-se em oito principais variáveis que são determinantes para essa escolha e entre elas estão algumas que são referentes a fatores econômicos (renda familiar e pontos no critério Brasil), fatores relacionados ao indivíduo (idade, atividade que exerce, se estuda atualmente ou não) e fatores relacionados à viagem (duração da viagem, se utiliza outros meios de transporte para chegar ao metrô e distância entre a origem e a estação). Por meio desses resultados, pode-se realizar uma discussão no âmbito de políticas públicas que visem melhorar a situação desse modal de transporte.
Somente Metadadados
Homocysteine and cysteine concentrations are modified by recent exposure to environmental air pollution in São Paulo, Brazil
(Elsevier B.V., 2009-10-01) Abe, Karina Camasmie [UNIFESP]; Brandao, Leticia de Campos [UNIFESP]; Aguilar Calegare, Bruno Frederico [UNIFESP]; Tufik, Sergio [UNIFESP]; Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo Hilario do; D'Almeida, Vania [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Millions of people worldwide are affected by anthropogenic air pollution derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. in this work, we tested the effects of fetal, lactation and post-weaning ambient air pollution exposure on total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations and on a downstream pathway element, the plasma cysteine (Cys) concentration. Two similar exposure chambers (polluted and filtered chamber) were located near an area with heavy traffic in São Paulo, Brazil, and male Swiss mice were housed there from the pre-natal period until 3 months of age. Groups during fetal, lactation and adult periods of exposure were apportioned, and tHcy and Cys plasma concentrations were assessed when the animals were 3 months old. in our study, both the tHcy and Cys concentrations were decreased in groups that spent their final stage of life in polluted chambers, suggesting recent alterations in tHcy and Cys concentrations due to air pollution exposure. the possible relationship of these data with cardiovascular dysfunction is still a matter of controversy in animals; nevertheless, epigenetic mechanisms emerge as a possible issue to consider in the investigation of the link between air pollution and Hcy measurement. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impact of acute exposure to air pollution on the cardiorespiratory performance of military firemen
(Associação Brasileira de Divulgação Científica, 2006-12-01) Oliveira, Ricardo Santos [UNIFESP]; Barros Neto, Turibio Leite de [UNIFESP]; Braga, Alfésio Luís Ferreira; Raso, Vagner; Pereira, Luiz Alberto Amador; Morette, Sergio Ricardo [UNIFESP]; Carneiro, Regina.c. [UNIFESP]; Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo Escola de Educação Física; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade Católica de Goiás Centro de Estudos de Enfermagem e Nutrição; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade de Santo Amaro Faculdade de Medicina Programa de Pediatria Ambiental; Universidade Católica de Santos Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva
The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of acute short-term exposure to air pollution on the cardiorespiratory performance of military fireman living and working in the city of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-five healthy non-smoking firemen aged 24 to 45 years had about 1 h of exposure to low and high levels of air pollution. The tests consisted of two phases: phase A, in Bertioga, a town with low levels of air pollution, and phase B, in Cubatão, a polluted town, with a 7-day interval between phases. The volunteers remained in the cities (Bertioga/Cubatão) only for the time required to perform the tests. Cumulative load 10 ± 2 min-long exertion tests were performed on a treadmill, consisting of a 2-min stage at a load of 7 km/h, followed by increasing exertion of 1 km h-1 min-1 until the maximum individual limit. There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in anaerobic threshold (AT) between Cubatão (35.04 ± 4.91 mL kg-1 min-1) and Bertioga (36.98 ± 5.62 mL kg-1 min-1; P = 0.01), in the heart rate at AT (AT HR; Cubatão 152.08 ± 14.86 bpm, Bertioga 157.44 ± 13.64 bpm; P = 0.001), and in percent maximal oxygen consumption at AT (AT%VO2max; Cubatão 64.56 ± 6.55%, Bertioga 67.40 ± 5.35%; P = 0.03). However, there were no differences in VO2max, maximal heart rate or velocity at AT (ATvel) observed in firemen between towns. The acute exposure to pollutants in Cubatão, SP, caused a significant reduction in the performance at submaximal levels of physical exertion.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly
(Us Dept Health Human Sciences Public Health Science, 2006-05-01) Cançado, J. E.; Saldiva, PHN; Pereira, LAA; Lara, LBLS; Artaxo, P.; Martinelli, L. A.; Arbex, Marcos Abdo [UNIFESP]; Zanobetti, A.; Braga, ALF; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Catholic Univ Santos; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Harvard Univ
We analyzed the influence of emissions front burning sugar cane on the respiratory system during almost I year in the city of Piracicaba in southeast Brazil. From April 1997 through March 1998, samples of inhalable particles were collected, separated into fine and coarse particulate mode, and analyzed for black carbon and tracer elements. At the same time, we examined daily records of children (< 13 years of age) and elderly people (> 64 years of age) admitted to the hospital because of respiratory diseases. Generalized linear models were adopted with natural cubic splines to control for season and linear terms to control for weather. Analyses were carried out for the entire period, as well as for burning and rionburning periods. Additional models were built using three factors obtained from factor analysis instead of particles or tracer elements. Increases of 10.2 mu g/m(3) in particles <= 2.5 mu m/m(3) aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and 42.9 mu g/m(3) in PM10 were associated with increases of 21.4% [95% confidence interval (0), 4.3-38.5] and 31.03% (95% Cl, 1.25-60.21) in child and elderly respiratory hospital admissions, respectively. When we compared periods, the effects during the burning period were much higher than the effects during nonburning period. Elements generated from sugar cane burning (factor 1) were those most associated with both child and elderly respiratory admissions. Our results show the adverse impact of sugar cane burning emissions on the health of the population, reinforcing the need for public efforts to reduce and eventually eliminate this source of air pollution.
Somente Metadadados
In utero exposure to air pollution lowers erythrocyte antioxidant defense and decreases weight in adult mice
(Elsevier B.V., 2011-09-01) Abe, Karina Camasmie [UNIFESP]; Brandao, Leticia de Campos [UNIFESP]; Tufik, Sergio [UNIFESP]; Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo Hilario do; D'Almeida, Vania [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
In this study, we tested the influence of ambient air pollution on different phases of development of adult mice. With respect to adult weight, the animals that had spent their in utero period exposed to pollution showed less weight gain over their lifetime, as well as lower activity levels of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Our study suggests that contact with atmospheric pollutants during the foetal period produces important changes on enzymatic erythrocyte antioxidant defense and weight in adult mice. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Somente Metadadados
On the impact of haze on the yield of photovoltaic systems in Singapore
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2016) Nobre, Andre Maia; Karthik, Shravan; Liu, Haohui; Yang, Dazhi; Martins, Fernando Ramos [UNIFESP]; Pereira, Enio Bueno; Ruther, Ricardo; Reindl, Thomas; Peters, Ian Marius; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
Anthropogenic haze, caused at least in parts by forest and agricultural land clearing fires in Sumatra (Indonesia), is occasionally causing air quality issues in Singapore, located 150-300 km east of the majority of these "hot spots". The resulting air pollution partially blocks sunlight from reaching the ground, and consequently affects the electric power generation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Singapore. In this work, a methodology is presented to estimate the haze-induced reduction of the light intensity reaching PV panels and the corresponding loss in the electric energy yield. An assessment of a major haze event in June 2013 is the basis for the loss analysis, which takes into account data filtering techniques in order to isolate cloudless conditions for inter-comparison between clear and hazy days. Data from previous years in non-hazy conditions serve as baseline for the determination of the clear sky conditions for Singapore. The novel method is further applied to investigate the power output of ten PV systems in Singapore during the June 2013 haze event. It is found that poor air quality levels during this event caused yield losses of PV systems in Singapore in the range of 15-25%. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Percepção e valoração dos motofretistas quanto à poluição do ar e seus efeitos na saúde humana na cidade de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2016-09-05) Yonashiro, Roberto Akira [UNIFESP]; Miraglia, Simone Georges El Khouri [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
In this study, we aimed to obtain information on the perception of the motorcycle courier in Sao Paulo municipality concerning air pollution and its effects on health, the development of the impacts network and the development of a structured questionnaire and the economic valuation of air quality targets. A case study was conducted to collect and evaluate the information of this professional of the streets through their answers in the questionnaires that can register perceptions about air pollution and its effects on health in the city of São Paulo as the contingent valuation of the environmental resource. The review of the literature on motorcycle couriers, the city backdrop, air pollution, climate, health aspects and also the willingness to pay (WTP) for improved air quality were conducted. This information added with the methodology of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) enabled to develop an impacts and aspects network of the motorcycle courier. Information about the courier were obtained through the application of a structured questionnaire during interviews in the field, enabling health data, perception of air pollution and willingness to pay which were later evaluated and analyzed. Data from air quality monitoring stations have been provided by the Company's Environmental State of São Paulo (CETESB) and weather information have been provided by the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (IAG) and the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET). An impacts network was built through the conduction of HIA, which enabled a systematic view of the environment that surrounds this professional. A structured questionnaire was drawn up, which collected data and also get the perceptions of motorcycle courier on air pollution and its health effects, and performed economic valuation through the willingness to pay (WTP) for the air quality, which it was estimated in US$ 4.963.526,91 for a contingent of 220.000 motofretistas for one year in Sao Paulo.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Prevalência de asma e sua relação com a poluição atmosférica avaliada pela presença de carbono em macrófagos alveolares e a função pulmonar em adolescentes do município de Taubaté/SP
(Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2015-11-27) Toledo, Maristella Froio [UNIFESP]; Solé, Dirceu [UNIFESP]; Nascimento, Luiz Fernando Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6261203197736528; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8188258243306974; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7472082917989618; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da asma e sua relação com a poluição atmosférica pela presença de carbono em macrófagos alveolares e a função pulmonar em adolescentes de Taubaté, SP. Materiais e método: Estudo epidemiológico transversal realizado em adolescentes (13-14 anos; n=1039)provenientes de escolas públicas e privadas de Taubaté, SP. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas consecutivas. Na primeira obteve-se os dados de prevalência da asma empregando-se o protocolo ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) a 1039 adolescentes. Os com resposta afirmativa à questão "você teve chiado nos últimos 12 meses?" foram caracterizados como asmáticos (A), e os com resposta negativa não asmáticos (NA). De acordo com a distância da residência em relação à rodovia Presidente Dutra (RPD) esses adolescentes foram categorizados como: muito próximo (até 200m), próximo (200 a 1000m) e longe (acima de 1000m). A segunda etapa foi realizada com 50 A e 200 NA, selecionados aleatoriamente, que responderam o questionário ISAAC complementar (fatores de risco). Os "A" realizaram espirometria antes e após broncodilatador e em seguida quatro nebulizações com solução salina hipertônica a 3% (SSH) a cada 5 minutos para indução e coleta de escarro, e após cada nebulização a aferição do VEF1. Em tempo máximo de duas horas após a coleta, as amostras de escarro foram processadas e as lâminas foram escaneadas e analisadas. Na dependência das variáveis estudadas foram utilizados métodos paramétricos ou não paramétricos fixando-se em 5% o nível para rejeição da hipótese de nulidade. Resultados: A prevalência de asma ativa foi 20,4%, significantemente mais elevada do que a observada em 2005, fato similar ocorreu com relação a: asma induzida por exercício (13,5% vs 19,2%). Entretanto, houve redução significante de rinite ativa (36,6% vs 18,5%) e de eczema na vida (16,2% vs 3,4%). Observou-se maior frequência de asma isolada ou associada à rinite entre os adolescentes que moravam muito próximos/próximos à RPD em relação aos que moravam afastados (5,8% vs 0,9%) e (23,2% vs 19,4%). Foram identificados como associados à expressão da asma: tempo de aleitamento materno (OR=23,9, IC95%:7,4-77,7); pai com rinite (OR=7,4,IC95%:2,2-24,7); mãe com rinite (OR=5,0, IC95%:2,0-12,34); roupa de cama (OR=6,1, IC95%:1,9-19,1) e morar próximo à RPD (OR=2,5, IC95%:1,05-5,98). A entrada no jardim da infância antes dos 4 anos mostrou ser um fator protetor. Ao analisarmos a presença de carbono em macrófagos, obtidos após escarro induzido, não verificamos maior frequência deles entre os moradores muito próximos/próximos da RPD, assim como às alterações da função pulmonar. Conclusão: Houve aumento na prevalência da asma e de sua gravidade entre adolescentes de Taubaté nos últimos sete anos. Morar próximo à RPD mostrou-se um fator de risco importante para asma e alergias, no entanto a presença de carbono no interior dos macrófagos alveolares não mostrou correlação positiva com o local de residência muito próximo/próximo à RPD ou sobre a função pulmonar.

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